Tda 2.9 Support Children and Young Peoples Positive Behaviour Essay Example

Tda 2.9 Support Children and Young Peoples Positive Behaviour Essay TDA 2. 9 Support children and young peoples positive behaviour 1. 1. In our nursery we have a behaviour policy on promoting positive behaviour; it has the guidelines/code of conduct we use to promote positive behaviour. The aims of the behaviour policy is to create a consistent environment that expects, encourages and recognises good behaviour and one in which everyone feels happy and safe. The behaviour policy is the main policy on promoting positive behaviour in the nursery and we should all be aware of the policies as part of our ongoing professional development so that we can manage children’s behaviour in a consistent way. The policy sets the boundaries of behaviour expected from the children and also the behaviour expected from staff. It sets out how we should reward the children and sanction them e. g. my nursery rewards potty training with stickers and other good behaviour with verbal praise, if a child is behaving inappropriately then we explain to them firmly that the behaviour is not acceptable and we suggest the correct behaviour that they should be displaying and if the behaviour carries on then we put them in thinking time or take them away from an activity. We encourage the children to resolve conflicts by sharing or negotiating with each other. It also has the anti-bullying policy in it and how we should handle situations and explains what inappropriate behaviour is. I think that the benefit of encouraging and rewarding positive behaviour through praising is that the children learn good behaviour from bad behaviour and I tend to see more of the same positive behaviour reoccurring when I reward it. When children know that there are boundaries set it makes them feel secure and helps provide children with a safe and secure environment, thereby promoting good mental health. We will write a custom essay sample on Tda 2.9 Support Children and Young Peoples Positive Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tda 2.9 Support Children and Young Peoples Positive Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tda 2.9 Support Children and Young Peoples Positive Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The nursery has golden rules * Show respect for others, considering their rights to use equipment, to have space to play without the threat of being hurt or upset * Sit quietly for story and meal times * Move around the nursery with regards to the safety of themselves and others * Use toys safely and appropriately * Listen to instructions and comply with requests made by the nursery workers These rules are taught by * Praising and rewarding positive behaviour * Encouraging sharing and negotiations * Adults modelling positive behaviour Helping the children to understand the effects of their behaviour on others * Teaching routines for certain activities such as meal times, circle times, tidying up, going out, sharing toys etc * Promoting children to follow rules and gradually reducing prompts * Helping to equip children to challenge bullying, harassment and name calling * Using stories and songs to teach the children the value of positive behaviour * Evaluating the nursery’s pro visions to see if it may have any effect on children’s behaviour * Teaching children and consulting with them about the rules * Ensuring that children know and understand that they are always valued as individuals even if their behaviour may sometimes be unacceptable 1. It is important that all staff consistently and fairly apply boundaries and rules for dealing with behaviour in accordance with the policies and procedures in the setting to ensure that the children have a sense of security and learn right from wrong and that inappropriate behaviour will be dealt with in the same way all the time by all of the staff. Children test boundaries have not changed with other staff and will get confused and not know what is expected of them if we are not consistent in our approach with all children. if I ignore a situation like a child hitting another child in my class then he will think that its ok and do it to another child and other children may copy the behaviour and think that i ts ok to misbehave while they are in my care and it will undermine my position if I’m not consistent in my approach to behavioural issues. When we go out of the nursery for a walk we have to hold the children’s hands while in the street and there are certain children that try not to, I’m not sure if it is to see if I react differently or if they just want to test me but I always stop and explain that they cant go for a walk if they don’t hold my hand at all times and I act just as I have seen other staff act in the same situation, if I didn’t act consistent like the other staff then I would be putting the child in danger in this situation because they might keep letting go and then run into the road. Children learn the correct behaviour through the use of boundaries. We must all model positive behaviour in order to be good role models and set standards for the children and ensure they know and follow the behaviour policies.

How to Break Up With Someone

How to Break Up With Someone Free Online Research Papers Life is full of changes. One of the most emotional and hardest changes is realizing that you are ready to let go of relationship. It is not easy and there are so many delicate strings to limbo through as you try not to get tangled up or break anything. Most people want to make a nice, clean, easy break but fail to know how. Let’s be honest with ourselves, usually long before we let go we know that we want to let go, we just aren’t sure how to go about it. The longer we sit and ponder on it, the more tangled the relationship web has become. Friends and family may have become an embedded part of the relationship depending on how long it has gone on. A lot must be considered, such as our motives and are we personally truly ready for the emotional rollercoaster. After all we may find right after the deed is done that it should not have been done. To be honest unless both parties are ready to let go, there will always be hurt. The key is to minimize the pain. We know we are not quite ready to tell the other person of our intentions yet, but we need to tread lightly. Perhaps we should not make comments about being here forever or make any promises of love that we know we do not intend to keep. We need to keep it light and back away from some of the things we have been doing. It should be done with gentle care and respect. After all we are trying to preserve the friendship and cause as little pain as necessary. We might even consider hanging out with our own friends a little more, giving the other person a chance for independence. This may seem a little cruel but you want them to see that they don’t need to be around you all the time. You are setting up their cushion by giving them independence. They won’t feel so lost and alone if they have another shoulder to cry on. The most hurtful thing about losing the person you love is not knowing what to do with yourself. When you are use to being together all the time you don’ t know how to cope. So basically you are setting them up to survive, and dulling the pain. At first they may get upset that you want to hang out more with others, but encourage them to do the same. If they are honest with themselves and otherwise pretty sharp they will know at this point that the relationship is coming to its end, and may even call it quit themselves here. Whenever you are ready to let go, you need to figure out if you want to handle this on the phone, by letter, or in person. Do not break up after having sex, or spending a romantic day together. This needs to be done on its own day with no emotional events happening. You could try to pick a fight but the best way is to be straightforward about it. The hardest approach will be to do this in person because you will have to see the pain in their face and the tears. There really is no easy way to do this, except by perhaps letter. This is you call to pick which way suites you the best. Be honest with the person for why you want to break up. Don’t tell them you just need time or that you don’t know what you want when you do know. This only creates false hope that you will return. Tell them that you will always care for them but don’t say that you love them. The truth is that if you are leaving then you have more than likely fallen out of love. To say that you still love them is a lie and your actions later will only hurt more. They will end up hurting themselves by trying to figure out how can you love them and yet leave. Tell them that you really love the friendship that you have and are sorry for the pain. Explain that you truly never wanted to hurt them and that while you are sure this is what you want it makes it hard to let go. They will probably want to know if you are seeing anyone else or intend to. Let them know that right now you have no intentions of committing to anyone, but that does not mean you will not choose to be in a relations hip later (this part only if you know you fully intend to date soon). This sounds bad but it would hurt them more to see you out with someone after you said you didn’t want anyone. Allow them to cry and assure them that you still want to maintain a friendship. Tell them you understand if that would be too hard to do at this time, but you were willing to wait until they were ready. The most essential part is making sure you don’t make promises you don’t want to keep. If you are ok with hanging out still, do so, but it would probably be better to hang out in groups. If you end up spending too much time together you will give the false hope. Make sure you do not break up around any holidays, anniversaries or birthdays. If there are children involved please be careful to still give them the care they deserve. The most important thing to remember is patience. Because they will experience hurt, give them a chance to vent and tell you how they feel. Don’t get back together out of pity and don’t make excuses. You can still be available as friend to that person. Just tread lightly when expressing the way you feel about them. If you truly don’t want to hurt their feelings try and remain single for a while to give them time to adjust. This is really important if you have the same friendship circle. Don’t shy away from hanging out with the group as you normally did, and don’t be cold. Talk to them just like you use to because you don’t want to alienate them. You want to show them that you can still function as friends. It’s always going to be a hard thing to let go. No matter what we can not prevent the pain. The best we can do is hope to minimize the damage; damage control is all about what you say and how you say it. There is no need to be nasty about a split when you have a friendship base. Even if you don’t really care to speak to them again, be nice out of respect for the friendship that was. It is the most selfless thing we can do in this situation. Research Papers on How to Break Up With SomeonePersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Fifth HorsemanThe Hockey GameCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

7 Myths and Misconceptions About Serial Killers

7 Myths and Misconceptions About Serial Killers Much of the information that the public knows about serial murderers has come from Hollywood movies and television programs, which have been exaggerated and dramatized for entertainment purposes, resulting in a significant amount of misinformation. But its not only the public that ​has  fallen prey to inaccurate information concerning serial killers. The media and even law enforcement professionals, who have limited experience with serial murder, often believe the myths generated by the fictional portrayals  in movies.​ According to the FBI, this can hinder investigations when there is a serial killer loose in the community. The FBIs Behavioral Analysis Unit has published a report, Serial Murder - Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators, which attempts to dispel some of the myths about serial killers. According to the report, these are some of the common myths about serial killers: Myth: Serial Killers Are All Misfits and Loners Most serial killers can hide in plain sight because they look just like everyone else with jobs, nice homes, and families. Because they often blend into society, they are overlooked. Here are some examples: John Eric Armstrong  confessed to killing prostitutes in Dearborn Heights, Michigan, and to 12 other murders that he committed around the world while he was in the Navy. He was a  former U.S. Navy sailor  known for being a good neighbor, who was a committed husband and devoted father to his 14-month-old son. He worked at Target retail stores and later with the Detroit Metropolitan Airport refueling airplanes.  Dennis Rader, known as the BTK Killer, murdered 10 people in Wichita, Kansas, over a 30-year period. He was married with two children, a Boy Scout leader, employed as a local government official and was the president of his church congregation.Gary Ridgway, known as the Green River Killer,  confessed to killing 48 women over a 20-year period in the Seattle, Washington, area. He was married, held the same job for 32 years, attended church regularly and read his Bible at home and work.Robert Yates  killed 17 prostitutes in the 1990s in the Spokane, Washington, area. H e was married, had five children, lived in a middle-class neighborhood and was a decorated U.S. Army National Guard helicopter pilot. Myth: Serial Killers Are All White Males The racial background of known serial killers generally matches the racial diversification of the overall U.S. population, according to the report. Charles Ng, a native of Hong Kong, China, possibly tortured and killed as many as 25 people with his partner, Robert Lake.Derrick Todd Lee, a black man from Louisiana, killed at least six women in  Baton Rouge.Coral Eugene Watts, a black man from Michigan, known as the  Sunday Morning Slasher, killed 17 people in Michigan and Texas.Rafael Resendez-Ramirez, a Mexican national, killed nine people in Kentucky, Texas, and Illinois.Rory Conde, a Colombian native, murdered six prostitutes in the Miami area. Myth: Sex Motivates Serial Killers Although some serial killers are motivated by sex or power over their victims, many have other motivations for their murders. Some of these include anger, thrill-seeking, financial gain, and attention seeking. D.C. Area Sniper, John Allen Muhammad, and  Lee Boyd Malvo  killed 10 people to cover up the fact that Muhammads eventual target was his wife.Dr. Michael Swango  was convicted of four murders in the U.S. but may have poisoned as many as 50 people in the United States and Africa. The motivation for his murders was never determined.Paul Reid  killed at least seven people during robberies of fast-food restaurants in Tennessee. His motive for the robberies was financial gain. He killed the employees to eliminate witnesses. Myth: All Serial Murderers Travel and Operate in Multiple States Most serial killers operate within a comfort zone and definite geographic area. Very few serial killers travel between states to kill. Ronald Dominique  of Houma, Louisiana, confessed to murdering 23 men in nine years and dumping their bodies in sugarcane fields, ditches, and small bayous in six southeast Louisiana parishes near his home. Of those who do travel interstate to murder, most fall into these categories: Individuals who constantly move from place to place.Homeless transients.Individuals whose employment lends itself to interstate or transnational travel, such as truck drivers or those in military service. Because of their traveling lifestyle, these serial killers have many comfort zones. Randolph Kraft, known as the Freeway Killer,  was a  serial rapist, torturer, and killer who murdered at least  16 young males from 1972 through 1983 throughout California, Oregon, and Michigan. He was linked to 40 additional unsolved murders through a cryptic list found during his arrest. Kraft worked in the  computer field, and he spent a lot of time on business trips to Oregon and Michigan. Myth: Serial Killers Cannot Stop Killing Sometimes circumstances will change in a serial killers life causing them to stop killing before they are caught. The FBI report said the circumstances could include increased participation in family activities, sexual substitution, and other diversions. Dennis Rader, the BTK killer, murdered 10 people from 1974 to 1991 and then did not kill again until he was caught in 2005. He told investigators that he engaged in auto-erotic activities to substitute for killing.Jeffrey Gorton  killed his first victim in 1986 and his second victim five years later. He did not kill again until 2002 when he was caught. According to the FBI, Gorton engaged in cross-dressing and masturbation, as well as consensual sex with his wife between the murders. Myth: All Serial Killers Are Insane or Monsters With Exceptional Intelligence In spite of fictionalized serial killers in the movies who outsmart law enforcement and avoid capture and conviction, the truth is that most serial killers test from borderline to above average intelligence. Another myth is that serial killers have a debilitating mental condition. As a group, they do suffer from a variety of personality disorders, but very few are found legally insane when they go to trial. The serial killer as an evil genius is mostly a Hollywood invention, the report said. Myth: Serial Killers Want toBe Stopped The law enforcement, academic and mental health experts who developed the FBI serial killer report said that as serial killers gain experience with killing, they gain confidence with each offense. They develop a feeling that they will never be identified and never be caught. But killing someone and disposing of their body is not an easy task. As they gain confidence in the process, they can begin to take shortcuts or make mistakes. These mistakes can lead to them being identified by law enforcement. It is not that they want to get caught, the study said, its that they feel that they cannot get caught.

Read Abigail Solomon-Godeau's essay on Gauguin and answer the Assignment

Read Abigail Solomon-Godeau's essay on Gauguin and answer the questions - Assignment Example This lead to oppression. Gauguin escaped European civilization and technology and took refuge in Tahiti. This action made him live a simple and natural lifestyle. His desire for sexual freedom was manifested in his paintings. He viewed Tahiti as the earthly arcadia of love, naked nymphs and gentle climate to mark it all. He also extended the academic pastoral to include all other non-European models. He believed in celebrating the society of his adoption against colonialism (Solomon-Godeau, 127). What undermined him as primitive is that he took adolescent mistresses as young as fifteen years. He also saw sexual freedom from the male point of view. It concludes that elements of primitivism involves interweave of race, sexual fantasies and power (Solomon-Godeau 130). In the end, he victimized the Tahitians because he regarded them as

Management of international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management of international business - Essay Example The company is also committed to meeting deadlines following a well organized work schedules. Most of our clients are referred to the company by previous clients indicating that we offer quality services that are customer satisfactory. In addition, it demonstrates that the company is committed to its work and very reliable besides the good customer relations that the company has established. This is the main reason why the company has continued to be relevant over the past fifty years. The company has incorporated sustainability principle in its principles. It utilizes construction materials efficiently and effectively to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on humans and detrimental effects on the environment following the company’s activities. The company has a deep understanding on the need for development that is sustainable. Our construction activities meet the international standards of construction with a long term vision of conserving ecological systems. Holder Con struction Company advocates for environmental impact assessment in order to weigh the costs and benefits that are likely to accrue from the development projects. In addition, the company has employed accredited environmental health officers who are experts in the area of environmental impact assessment as well as environmental audit that can be offered to assess if the environmental mitigation measures that were recommended are being achieved. The company is committed to its social responsibility. It is responsive and follows requirements that have been recommended by intergovernmental regulations. For instance, The Rio declaration on Environment and Development, Participatory Principles, Sustainability Principle, and The Precautionary Principle among other environmental principles and policies. Holder Construction Company has a department that drives its goals and mission of implementing sustainability development and Corporate Responsibility through its Sustainability Development Department. The department has a sole responsibility of giving the necessary advice required prior to the actual construction and during construction. This indicates how much we attach a lot of value in efforts towards Corporate Responsibility. The company holds sustainable practices at heart. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility, also known as Corporate Citizenship, is a framework that is used to evaluate a company’s performance against parameters including social and environmental parameters including economic parameters. The main aim of Corporate Social

DH-106 Comet Investigation

DH-106 Comet Investigation The Comet was the worlds first commercial jet airliner flying double the speeds of propelling planes and blew the worlds mind with speed class and disasters to come from flaws only engineers would notice. With three major accidents in just 2 years.[1] Small tears would be found and the shape of the window and thin shell would ultimately take the toll [2]of these major accidents. 1 Introduction 2 Abstract 3 Table of contents 4 Introduction 5 Background 6 Investigation 7 Finding and recommendations 8 The impact 9 The conclusion 10 Sources The DH-106 Comet was the worlds first commercial civilian airliner to hit the major mainstream and grab the worlds attention. The plane had four ghost jet engines near the main body of the plain. The plain nearly doubled the average speed per hour to the fastest propeller plane on the market. This meant trips could be gnarly cut in half and allow for my rides per day, making aviation have a large interest to the public and gained doubled the amount of passengers in just two years of its entry blowing out U.S business and shooting for the dream of making british planes world wide. De Havilland was founded in 1920 as british airways company and joined with Hawker Siddeley in 1964. Geoffrey De Havilland had pulled some money in with his friends and personal investments to seek out his dream of creating his own plane. The first production plane was the DH.18 and later the The comet had faced three major accidents in just 2 years killing 99 people in total. The dates were: May 2nd 1953- flight 783 leaves calcutta Airport to Delhi flying as BOAC. The plain will only hold for for 6 minutes before being caught in a sever thunderstorm.the plain had only reached 7,500 feet before ripping apart January 10th 1954- 781 will depart from ciampino airport. Leaving from rome. Captions would talk over the radio and right in mid sentence would be cut off, the plane would rip apart and all would die in the plane. April 8 1954-left ciampino airport got about 40 minutes in the air at around 35,000 feet in the air before just ripping apart killing everyone. Planes were recovered by the british navy and put back together for research and better understanding of how the accident went down. Water testing would also be tested to see is the the pressure was the cause of these tragedies. While being tested new materials would be tested such as cold working but would never be implemented for the commercial plane. Cold working is when you make metal extremely cold and then the metal is flattened to make it stronger like a hay bale or bricks. While investigators were rebuilding the planes peace by peace they noticed there were large stress tears by the windows on top of the plane and on the passenger windows. Later on after the three accidents this would be taken into consideration and eventually windows would be shaped more oval rather than square. The material would be the next huge notice. Around the windows were rivets that held the window in place and the very thin metal frame. When the plane is pressurized the metal will contract and expand leading to stress fractures and eventually tears. So when the cabin is having pressure applied on both sides the metal would give and the plane would rip apart like a tissue and kill everyone in a giant fireball. Much stricter regulations were imposed for the industry implying that if any imperfections were implied that the plane be holdted till ready or replaced. Details were huge and everything is to be checked with what paint is used to down right the way wiring is stored. To engineering tech specialist are the ones who give this inspection. They look for loose wires, flat tires, chips in the paint or metal or any other imperfections. Details were looked over for interest of money and not totally understanding totaly what was going on with this new technology. When accidents happen planes were not properly investigated not having proper fixes actually implied till a disaster had already been placed. Time to detail was the downfall of these disasters and if the engineers had payed more attention these accidents and implied there minds, they could have prevented set recorders of failure and set a safer name in the industry.

Importance of Data Security and Data Safety Essay

To prevent companies from using or passing on confidential information to other companies without the permission of the person who the data is about, companies will need to protect the data. With the popularity of the Internet there are opportunities for thieves to steal their personal data. So the government set a law (data protection act) which is used to protect people’s rights concerning how data is used and you also have the right to see such information and have any errors corrected. Also organisation will want to keep data confidential because it will not want its competitors to know how the business is going. List the 8 principles of the Data Protection Act The Data Protection Act says the personal data should: 1. Be adequate, relevant and not excessive. For example college should keep students details and details must be just what is needed and nothing more. 2. Be processed in accordance with the data subject right. For example the person that the data refers to have the right to read the information about him/her and the organisation should provide hem/her with information they need. 3. Be accurate and be kept up to date. There is a duty to keep it up to date, for example to change an address when people move. 4. Not be kept longer than necessary. For example it is alright to keep information for certain length of time but it would be wrong to keep information about past customers longer than a few years at most 5. Be obtained and processed for limited purposes. For example the organization must use the data only in the way it is described and it must not use it for any other purpose. 6. Be secure. This includes keeping the information backed up and away from any unauthorised access. It would be wrong to leave personal data open to be viewed by just anyone. 7. Not be transferred to countries outside Europe without adequate protection. Unless the country that the data is being sent to has a suitable data protection law 8. Be processed fairly and lawfully. For example if you put your money at bank no one can transfer your money without your permission. (a) What is the difference between the Internet, Intranet and Extranet? (P8) Internet: Are public networks that allow the user to use any of its facilities. Intranet and Extranet: is like a private internet. It is like a website that is only accessible to the members of a business or company. The different between Intranets and Extranet is: Intranet: Allow the members of organisation to access the access the system with an organisation. Extranet: Allow the members of organisation to access the system from different location but only by the users who have been given access rights. (b) * What is a browser? Is programme that can read web pages, by downloading HTML code and that allows the browser to interpret the code to the web page. A browser displays web pages, keeps track of where you’ve been, and remembers the places you want to return to, the most used browsers are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. * Describe the role of a browser when using the Internet, Intranet and Extranet Browser allows the people to access information, view images, hear music and watch video, in the term of intranet and extranet the browser allows user to share documents, access databases and allow group work. * Describe the role of email when using internet communications. You can send email to an individual or to a group of people at the same time, you can create mailing list so that you can write a message and send it automatically to number of people. Also you can send files such as pictures, word document and sound as attachments to your message. (a) List major threats to an organisation that could happen while using the Internet. (P9) 1. Hacking (use to steal the personal details and private files of company) 2. The spreading of viruses (use to destroy or damage the important files of company) 3. Internet fraud (taking credit card details from customers) 4. Spay ware (is biggest threat in the computer system which allows someone to log into your computer and use it for their own purpose) 5. Spam ( sending unwanted messages especially commercial advertising) Purpose of assignment In this assignment, I have to do research and get information on the importance of data security and data safety. M research must be from ICT sources and non ICT sources and by using the evidence that I collect I should explain the importance of keeping customer information confidential, the main provision of data protection act, the role of browsers and email in internet communications, the difference between internet, intranet and extranet, the major threats to organization from internet and finally a poster that explains the importance of data safety and data security. The assignment will also gather key skills portfolio evidence. M5 Physical Security: Use of security guards, locks, reinforced doors, windows and walls depending on what is being protected. Use of ICT to enforce security entry on doors, and protected areas of buildings i.e.: swipe cards, fingerprint ID, voice recognition. Firewall: This is a security device, which acts as a single entry/exit point for information and access to a computer system. All traffic must pass through the firewall and therefore a system is secure from external threats. A firewall usually sits between the internal network of an organisation and access by the internet. Virus Protection: It is usual for systems to have some form of anti-virus software installed and running in the background. All files and devices introduced to the system would be scanned, any attempts to alter system files would be blocked, and notification made to the user/system administrator. Preventing the use of floppy disks is a good method of eliminating one source of potential virus problems. Identification of Users: A system of user ID’s and passwords is a simple method of preventing unauthorised personnel accessing the system. These should be managed by the system administrator. With this, only some users will have access to certain programmes and data therefore increasing the level of security on sensitive data. In addition, some users may only be able to read the data and not write the data. Other users may not have the ability to delete or even to access certain files. Encryption software: the data may be encrypted (coded) into a form, which can only then be decoded by the intended user. If the data falls into the wrong hands, it will be meaningless. Backups: To guard against the loss of data, backups should be regularly made. These backups should be stored in a separate place, preferably in a fireproof environment. Passwords software: Password protection usually involves a person typing in: * A User Name – to identify the person. * A Password – to identify the person. He should be the only one to know what it is. Computer viruses: which are programs that destroy the way computer operates without the knowledge of the user, there are huge numbers of viruses some are extremely malicious with the ability to delete or damage files and programs. Some of the threats that they cause to computer systems include: * Deleting data on the hard disk of the organisation computer system. * Enabling hackers to hijack the organisation system and use it for their own purposes. How do viruses spread: * CDs and floppy disks containing infected documents. * Emails containing infected attachments. Hackers: who gain unauthorised access to computer systems for the purpose of stealing and corrupting data, also gaining access to financial information about the organisation business or their customers for the purposes of fraud. Security measures may include†¦ * Each user should be given a user name and a password. * Computer usage may be logged. * Computers should be disconnected from a network when not in use. * Use a firewall – a computer running software, which detects hackers dialling in to a network. Spam: authorised users downloading a web page or receiving an email with hidden active content that attacks the organisation system or send sensitive information to unauthorised people. Organisation can stop spreading of spam by using spam filtering software Spy ware: is software that is placed on organisation computer when the employee visits certain websites, it is used to secretly gather information about the organisation usage and sends it back to advertiser or other interested company to tracking the organisation system use .it can also slow down or crashes the organisation computer Pop up: Many company advertisers on the Internet by using windows that pop up in the middle of computer screen to display a message. They might also open when you click a link or button on a Web site, and they might open either over or under the window, you wish to view. Some pop-up windows can contain inappropriate content or can be a way for employee of organisation to accidentally download dangerous software (called spyware or adware) onto organisation computer. Infringement of copyright: Internet users are not allowed to copy or print some internet materials such as; video, music, files and photos without the permission of copyright holder and sometimes they may have to pay a licence to do so. Theft and fraud: credits card fraud for example people can steal the details on credits card and using them illegally to buy goods Sole trader: A sole trader is the actual owner of a business, a sole trader also has unlimited liability. All the debts of the business are the debts of the owner. They can not issues shares .The whole meaning behind † Sole† means that she/he does not have partners. (e.g. electrical repair, picture framing, photography, diving instruction, retail shops, and hotels) Partnership A Partnership can be liable for all debts, it is easy to setup, but is also inexpensive to form. Forming partnership requires an agreement that is some times called partnership agreement ‘between two to twenty individuals’ which entitles them to jointly own and carry on a trader business together. A partnership is a contract between two or more persons who agree to pool talent and money and share profit or loss. Private limited company A Private limited company has limited liability (the shareholders cannot loose more than their original shareholdings), and a minimum of two shareholders and a maximum of fifty shareholders. It cannot offer its shares to the public. A private limited company is treated as a legal entity. Public limited company A company which may have an unlimited number of shareholders and offer its shares to the wider public. (e.g. Cadbury and Tesco) Multi-National company A company that does business in more than one country, usually by setting up branch offices. Tesco Characteristics * Type of company: Tesco is an international retailer and is a publicly owned company (Public Limited Company Plc). * Products: including food and non-food business, personal finance, internet shopping, electrical items, home entertainment, toys, sports equipment, and many more. * Profit / loss: Tesco’s Profit and Loss 2005 2004 Sales at net selling prices 37,070 33,557 Turnover including share of joint ventures 34,353 31,050 Less: share of joint ventures’ turnover (379) (236) Operating profit/(loss) 1,949 1,735 Share of operating profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates 130 97 Net profit/(loss) on disposal of fixed assets 53 (9) Profit on ordinary activities before taxation 1,962 1,600 Underlying profit before net profit/(loss) on disposal of fixed assets, integration costs and goodwill amortisation 2,029 1,708 * Size of company: Tesco operates 923 stores and employs 240,000 people , there are 639 branches in Great Britain and 182 in the rest of Europe * Location: they operate in UK, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan and the Republic of Ireland * Purpose of company: to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. * Aims: Built good non-food sales expanded into retailing services and exploited e-commerce successfully. * Objective: 1. To deliver a consistently strong customer offer. 2. Making their shopping trip as easy as possible. 3. Constantly seeking to reduce their prices to help customer spend less. * Logo: Cadbury Characteristics * Type of company: is an international retailer and is a publicly owned company (Public Limited Company Plc). * Products: chocolate and drinks brands. * Profit / loss: Cadbury Profit and Loss à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (Millions) 2006 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (Millions) 2005 Turnover 6,508.00 6,085.00 Operating Profit / (Loss) 1,003.00 825.00 Net Interest (188.00) (205.00) Pretax Profit 843.00 642.00 Post Tax Profits 703.00 497.00 Total Dividend Paid n/a n/a Retained Profit / (Loss) for the financial year n/a n/a * Size of company: they operate in more than 35 countries and they employs over 55,000 people * Location: Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa and Asia Pacific. * Purpose of company: the organization work together to create brands people love. * Aims : 1. Deliver shareowner performance. 2. Ensure their capabilities are best in class. 3. Reinforce reputation with employees and society * objective: 1. Responding to consumer needs quickly. 2. Grow shareowner value. 3. Attract and develop the best kind of people.