Mental Health Essay - 937 Words

In a nationwide survey gauging the attitude of college administration on the growing mental health issues among students, one dean shared â€Å"Students bring more and more nonacademic issues to campus †¦ we are becoming a secondary social service agency† (Levine Cureton, 1998). This was not an isolated phenomenon, but rather a troubling position shared across the nation. College presidents and deans fail to recognize the growing need for increased mental health services and academic support. Disability and counseling services are frequently on the cutting block when funding is questioned leaving 20% of children and 18.1% of young adult students suddenly losing the resources they need to thrive in an academic environment (NAMI, 2016).†¦show more content†¦Like all students, those with mental illnesses express the same desire to work and learn as anyone else (Boyle, et al., 2011). They have the same aspirations and expectations of the academic system; that it wil l teach them what they need to know for higher education or to have a job. Whether or not they think these opportunities are achievable is questionable. The quality of mental health counseling and services on a college campus is positively correlated with the ability of the students utilizing said services to complete their degree and advance into a career (Trela, 2008). In other words, students with mental illnesses that receive no psychological support perform poorer in school compared to the same student body that does receive support. The support provides students with a team of people hoping for their success which improves feelings of self-worth and confidence. Qualitative studies show that an incomplete education not only affects someone’s view of self, but also their entrance into future academic endeavors and paid employment (Kientz Schindler, 2013). This has detrimental effects on the financial and social independence of these students (Kientz Schindler, 2013). T he goal of just about all people is to lead an independent and self-sufficient life. It is unjustifiable that aren’t we affording the mentally ill population those same expectations. In theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Mental Health 1376 Words   |  6 Pagesepidemiological information about older immigrants` mental health problem in Australia, analysis of the key health issue within a country and gives clearly answer for how those problems could be improved? This research identifies the predictors of psychological distress in newly arrived older immigrants to Australia. Besides the conclusion that How health professionals are acting to modify determinants of health? As observed previously, health is a product of influence between individuals and theirRead MoreMental Health and Violence Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesAre people with mental illness more violent than the rest of the population? If you only listen to the media, you are sure to answer, â€Å"Yes†. However, most of us know that the media is not the most reliable source of information. In fact, the media has a Tendency to bend the facts, plucking out stories and statistics that colour the truth in order to popularize their Medium. Most people who have mental health problems experience symptoms, and gradually recover. They may pick Up where they leftRead MoreMental Health America Essay example1098 Words   |  5 PagesMental Health America HSC 310 David Olsen January 24,2011 Mental Health America Mental Health America (formerly known as the National Mental Health Association) is the country’s leading nonprofit dedicated to helping all people live mentally healthier lives. With more than 320 affiliate nationwide, we represent a growing movement of Americans who promote mental wellness for the health and well being of the nation, every day, and in a time of crisis (2007 Mental Health America). As anRead MorePromoting Mental Health Essay3042 Words   |  13 PagesPromoting Mental Health. The aim of this assignment will be to demonstrate my interventions designed to promote mental health and well being using current national and local policies and campaigns in relation to the patient’s identified needs as well as evidence based therapeutic interventions. Finally I will evaluate my package reflecting on its success or failure. In order to gain a better understanding of mental health promotion, it is important to gain a definition of promoting mental health. RosieRead MoreEssay on Access to Mental Health4536 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿ Access to Health Care: The Mental Health Population Mental health services ended up being far from reached by patients with primary psychiatric disorders. Mental health care means not only improving access but also improving clinical quality and ensuring cultural competence. It is the ability to treat and support programs to encounter individuals on personal terms and in methods that are customarily aware. Access to mental health care is not as good as than other forms of medical services. SomeRead MoreEssay On Mental Health Treatment Program1560 Words   |  7 PagesProgram Structure This Mental Health treatment program and/ or organization focus on co-occurring diagnosis and structures to develop co-occurring disorder treatment services. This program is a non-profit, privately owned organization. It provides social services in Miami, FL. This mental health treatment program and organization will provide comprehensive behavioral healthcare to homeless women who have severe, persistent mental illness, or with co-occurring substance abuse and mental illness’. The organizationsRead MoreEssay on mental wellbeing and health CMH3012157 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Understand Mental wellbeing and Mental Health promotion CMH 301 1. Understand the different views on the nature of mental well-being and Mental health and the factors that may influence both across lifespan: It is a well known fact, that everyone is one of kind unique if you like. There for there will be always different views on this as well as other matters. ( diet, fitness ect) while this and that is working for some, it may not work for the other. However thereRead MoreEssay on Mental Health Counseling483 Words   |  2 Pages Mental health counselors work with individuals, families, and groups to address and treat mental and emotional disorders and to promote mental health. They are trained to address a wide range of issues, including depression, addiction and substance abuse, suicidal impulses, stress management, problems with self-esteem, issues associated with aging, job and career concerns, educational decisions, issues related to mental and emotional health, and family, parenting, and marital or otherRead MoreEssay on The De-Institutionalization of Mental Health Care531 Words   |  3 PagesDe-Institutionalization of mental Health care According to NAMI, National Alliance on Mental Illness, 1 in 4 adults and 1 in 10 children, around 60 million people in the US suffer from some sort of mental illness every year. The economic cost for untreated mental illness is over 100 billion dollars a year in the US. World Health Organization has reported that that by 2020 the leading cause of disability in women and children will be depressive disorders. (www.nami.org) The treatment of mental health patients duringRead MoreEssay on Telepsychiatry: Improving Mental Health Possibilities1655 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION It is widely recognized that mental illness affects a significant proportion of the population; however, it is complicated to determine exact numbers. This problem can be attributed to such issues as the changing definitions of mental illness as well as difficulties in classifying, diagnosing, and reporting mental disorders. Limitations to adequate mental health services including social stigma, cultural incompatibility between patients and providers, language barriers, lack of insurance

What Being American Meant In 1780 Free Essays

In 1780, the notion of being American meant different things depending on one’s identity. To Thomas Jefferson, among the architects of the new nation, it meant deserving one’s liberty, and he believed that certain people were ill-suited for what he considered the demands of an enlightened society. In particular, he believed blacks and whites could never coexist because of slavery’s legacy, citing: â€Å"Deep-rooted prejudices entertained by whites [and] ten thousand recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained† (Binder, 1968, p. We will write a custom essay sample on What Being American Meant In 1780 or any similar topic only for you Order Now   55-56). In addition, he considered them intellectually inferior. He considered America an improvement over other nations, and while he felt ambivalent about slavery and sympathetic toward blacks, he did not envision a multiracial America. For poet Phyllis Wheatley, an African-American who spent years in slavery and lived in poverty, being an American meant barriers and contradictions based on race. Wheatley, whose poetry Jefferson thought â€Å"below the dignity of criticism† (Robinson, 1982, pp. 42-43), was well aware of America’s racial contradictions (a nominally free nation which still embraced slavery) but nonetheless asked white America for tolerance and acceptance. In â€Å"On being Brought from Africa to America,† the narrator is optimistic about America and grateful for being part if it – â€Å"’Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land† – but also admits, â€Å"Some view our sable race with scornful eye, /’There colour is a diabolic die’† (Robinson, 1975, p. 60). However, her closing appeal is not for liberty and full equality, but simply a reminder that blacks can at least be equal as Christians, in God’s eyes. To Jefferson, part of America’s elite, being American meant freedom for those who met his standards, while Wheatley, aware of America’s racial situation, makes an appeal for at least spiritual equality. Being American meant being free – though race was used as a means of denying freedom to all. REFERENCES Binder, F. M. (1968). The Color Problem in Early National America. Paris: Mouton. Robinson, W. H. (1975). Phyllis Wheatley in the Black American Beginnings. Detroit: Broadside Press. Robinson, W. H. (1982). Critical Essays of Phyllis Wheatley. Boston: G. K. Hall and Company How to cite What Being American Meant In 1780, Papers

In Cold Blood Death Penalty Essay Example For Students

In Cold Blood: Death Penalty Essay In Cold Blood: Death PenaltyCapital Punishment has been part of the criminal justice system sincethe earliest of times. The Babylonian Hammurabi Code(ca. 1700 B.C.) decreeddeath for crimes as minor as the fraudulent sale of beer(Flanders 3). Egyptianscould be put to death for disclosing the location of sacred burialsites(Flanders 3). However, in recent times opponents have shown the deathpenalty to be racist, barbaric, and in violation with the United StatesConstitution as cruel and unusual punishment. In this country,although lawsgoverning the application of the death penalty have undergone many changessince biblical times, the punishment endures , and controversy has never beengreater. A prisoners death wish cannot grant a right not otherwise possessed. Abolitionists maintain that the state has no right to kill anyone; . The rightto reject life imprisonment and choose death should be respected, but it changesnothing for those who oppose the death at the hands of the state. The death penalty is irrational- a fact that should carry considerableweight with rationalists. As Albert Camus pointed out, Capitalpunishment.has always been a religious punishment and is reconcilable withhumanism. In other words, society has long since left behind the archaic andbarbous customs from the cruel eye for an eye anti-human caves of religion-another factor that should raise immediate misgivings for freethinkers. State killings are morally bankrupt. Why do governments kill people toshow other people that killing people is wrong? Humanity becomes associated withmurderers when it replicate their deeds. Would society allow rape as the penaltyfor rape or the burning of arsonists homes as the penalty for arson?The state should never have the power to murder its subjects. To givethe state this power eliminates the individuals most effective shield againsttyranny of the majority and is inconsistent with democratic principles. Family and friends of murder victims are further victimized by statekillings. Quite a few leaders in the abolishment movement became involvedspecially because someone they loved was murdered. Family of victims repeatedlystated they wanted the murderer to die. One of the main reasons- in addition tojustice- was they wanted all the publicity to be over. Yet. if it wasnt for thesensationalism surrounding an execution, the media exposure would not haveoccurred in the first place. Murderers would be quietly and safely put away forlife with absolutely no possibility for parole. The death penalty violates constitutional prohibitions against crueland unusual punishment. The grotesque killing of Robert Harris by the state ofCalifornia on April 21,1992, and similar reports of witnesses to hangings andlethal injections should leave doubt that the dying process can be-and often is -grossly inhumane, regardless of method(Flanders 16). The death penalty is often used for political gain. During hispresidential gain, President Clinton rushed home for the Arkansas execution ofRickey Ray Rector, a mentally retarded, indigent black man. Clinton couldnttake the chance of being seen by voters as soft on crime. Political Analystsbelieve that when the death penalty becomes an issue in a campaign, thecandidate favoring capital punishment almost inevitably will benefit. Capital punishment discriminates against the poor. Although murdererscome from all classes, those on death row are almost without exception poor andwere living in poverty at the they were arrested. The majority of death-rowinmates were or are represented by court-appointed public defenders- and thestate is not obligated to provide an attorney at all for appeals beyond thestate level. The application of capital punishment is racist. About 40 percent ofdeath-row inmates are black, whereas only 8 percent of the population as a wholeare black(Flanders 25). In cases with white victims, black defendants were fourto six times more likely to receive death sentences than white defendants whohad similar criminal histories. Studies show that the chance for a deathsentence is up to five to ten times greater in cases with white victims thanblack victims(Flanders 25). In the criminal justice system, the life of a whiteperson is worth more than the life of a black person. Achievements of Agrippina the Younger EssayThe mentally retarded are victimized by the death penalty. Since 1989, when the Supreme Court upheld killing of the mentally retarded, at least four such executions have occurred. According to the Southern Center for Human Rights, at least 10 percent of death row inmates in the United States are mentally retarded(Long 79). Juveniles are subject to the death penalty. Since state execution of juveniles also became permissible in the decision cited above, at least five people .

The Little Theatre Accounting Flexible Budget Analysis Essay Example

The Little Theatre Accounting Flexible Budget Analysis Paper The Little Theatre Case 9. 26 Case 9. 26 After the beginning of the year, the board of directors of the theater authorized expanding the theater’s program to seven productions and a total of 168 performances. Not surprisingly, actual costs were considerably higher than the costs from the planning budget. Grants from donors and ticket sales were also higher. After completing the analysis for the Little Theatre we found that several items could be implemented to have an accurate cost model in the future. First, we prepared a flexible budget for the Little Theatre based on the actual activity of the year. We found that there were a number of cost items such as wages, scenery items, and administrative expenses that were under estimated compared to the original anticipated budget. We also found that there were items such as the theater hall rental and the cost of the printed programs that cost less than the budgeted items. Secondly, we prepared a Cost Budget Performance Report for the year that reflected the breakeven point. We have identified the price and the number of tickets we have to sell in order to cover the cost of the number of productions and the number of performances. The breakeven point was based on the actual cost of each expense. The question was asked, â€Å"If you were on the board of directors of the theater, would you be pleased with how well costs were controlled during the year why or why not? † We were not totally satisfied with the way costs were controlled during the year because the costs below were higher than we anticipated. †¢Wages †¢Costumes †¢Publicity †¢Administrative Expenses We will write a custom essay sample on The Little Theatre Accounting Flexible Budget Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Little Theatre Accounting Flexible Budget Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Little Theatre Accounting Flexible Budget Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The market may be the reason for the expenses being higher than we forecasted. For example, the theatre may not be able to pay a lower wage to the actors. In the future in order to have an accurate cost model we may improve on expenses such as costumes. We may submit bids to other vendors to see if we can lower costs. Finally, the cost formulas provided figures for the average cost per production and average cost per performance. We wanted to find out how accurate these figures would be for predicting the cost of a new production or of an additional performance of a particular production. Our analysis revealed that if the Little Theatre did six productions and one hundred and eight performances, the total cost would be $514,921 and the number of tickets that would need to be sold would be 10,298 at a price of $50. 00. We also found that the cost to produce seven productions and one hundred and sixty eight performances would be $726,900. In addition, the number of tickets that would need to be sold in order to cover this cost would be 14,438 at a price of $50. 00. Over all we project the Little Theatre will be successful if they continue to master the flex budget model.

The 3 Types of ACT Science Passages What You Must Know

The 3 Types of ACT Science Passages What You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT Science section is one of the bigger mysteries to students since it is the most different from the SAT, PSAT, and other tests you have taken. Here, I will try to unravel the mystery by explaining the types of passages on the ACT, as well as the unique question types for each of these passages. By the end of thisarticle, you will have a clear understanding of what the ACT Science section entails and how to best prepare for it. The 3 Types of ACT Science Passages There are always either six or seven passages in the ACT Science section, split among a few types. Here is the overview of the types of the three questions you'll find: 2-3 Data Representation Passages 5 or 6 questions per passage 2-3 Research Summaries Passages 5 or 6 questions per passage 1 Conflicting Viewpoints Passage 7 questions per passage I will delve into more detail on the specifics of each type below. Each passage type also has uniquetypes of questions, all requiring their own approaches. Passage Type 1: Data Representation Passages These passages are similar to those found in science journals and texts. They present you with a short paragraph or two as well asone to fourvisual representations of data (such as graphs, tables, and/or scatterplots). The passages will mention specific studies and label sections as Study 1, Study 2, and Study 3. Here is a sample passage from an ACT practice test: Each Data Representation Passage has 5 or 6 questions. In thePrepScholarACT Program, we categorize the questions for Data Representation into three categories (not everyone categorizes them the same way). Understanding these three categories is key to figuring out how to answer each question correctly, so let's take a closer look at the three question types below. Question Type 1: Factual Questions These questions simply ask you to relay factual information that is presented in the passage. To answer these questions, you need to read the graphs, tables, and/or scatterplots. You'll also need to pull out specificdata points from the passage without making further calculations or inferences. The key here is to read carefully and be able to pick out and understand factual information. For instance, here's an example from the above passage: As you can see, as long as you understand how to read graphs, you should be able to answer this question easily. There may also be more advanced versions of these questions in which you are asked to look at a weirdgraph. They can look pretty intimidating at first. Check out the "weird" graph below: Is that English? I don't understand. The trick to tackling a crazy-looking chart is reading the questionand the answerscarefully. It will give you an idea about what information matters...and what information doesn't. Question Type 2:Interpreting Trends Questions These questions ask you toevaluate graphs, tables, and/or scatterplots to decide if there is a relationship.Is it increasing or decreasing? Is there an inverse relationship or direct relationship? Here is an example from the above passage: There may be more advanced versions of these questions in which there is no clear relationship between the data points. At that point, you'll have to make educated, scientific inferences from the information you've given. Question Type 3:Calculations Questions These questions ask you to take what is given and figure out where it is going.Given the data, what might Y be at value X? The questions ask you to make extrapolations and interpolations. Here is an example related to the below passage: Like we mentioned above, these types of questions ask you to draw conclusions from the data you've been given. Passage Type 2: Research Summaries Passages These passages look similar to the Data Representation Passages in that they usually present you with a short paragraph or two plus visuals (graphs, tables, scatterplots, or images). The difference is that Research SummariesPassages focus on a specific experiment or a couple of experiments. The passages will usually label sections as Experiment 1, Experiment 2, and Experiment 3. Often, they'llmention a scientist or student who is conducting the experiment.There may also be an image of how the experiments are set up. Below is an example of a Research Summaries Passage: Notice how unlike the Type 1 Data Representation passages above, Type 2 Research Summary passages mention specific experiments. Each Research SummariesPassage has 5 or 6 questions.The types of questions they ask are also very different from Type 1 Data Representation passages.Let's take a look at these new question types in a little more depth. Question Type 4: Experimental Design/Researcher Intent Questions These questions ask you to determine why the researcher designed the experiment a certain way. What arethe controls and variables in the experiment? What is the hypothesis on which the experiment is based? Here is an example from the above passage: Question Type 5: Hypothetical ExperimentalQuestions These questions askyou to determine what would happen if there was a change in the experiment (in the temperature, solution, etc.). They often require you to understand the trend of the data to predict how the outcome would change if the experiment were changed. Here is an example from the above passage: Question Type 6: Interpreting Experiments Questions These questions ask you interpret the information that you are given. Based on the data shown, is this statement supported?These questions are often framed in a 2x2 matrix: Yes because A, Yes because B, No because A, No because B. Here is an example from the above passage Break for Strategies: Data Representation and Research Summaries Passages Data Representation and Research Summaries are similar in that both rely primarily on the visuals (graphs, tables, etc.) to relay information.You can use the same strategy for both passages. It's easier than chess. Trust me. Strategy: Go straight to the questions without reading.Try to answer all of the questions using only the visuals. Manystudents get bogged down in reading the science passage. There are dozens of data points to consider, and most of them won't have any questions about them. So you'll end up wasting time trying to understand data that really aren't important. Instead,try to answer questions without reading the passage. This lets you avoid wasting too much time understanding parts of the passage that aren't important. Let’s use the very first question from the Data Representation section as an example. It is okay if you don’t immediately understand what finches are or what beak depth means (since you haven’t read the passage). After reading that question, you should jump to Figure 2, the visual associated with Study 1. I can ignore the top chart, since it says "percent of captured finches from Island A" in the y-axis, and I only need to compare the beak depth for percent of captured finches from Island B and C (and I see Island B and C are on the y-axis for the middle and bottom charts, respectively). Starting with the bottom chart, I see the highest percent of finches captured from Island C was around 35%, if I follow that bar down to the x-axis, I see that the corresponding beak depth was 10 mm. I am now pretty sure the answer is D since that is the only answer choice which says the beak depth is 10 mm for Island C finches. I will check the Island B finch chart to be sure. Looking at the middle chart, I see the highest percent is about 33%, if I follow that bar down to the x-axis, I see the corresponding beak depth is 10 mm. Now, I know for sure the answer is D! Sometimes, this method of answering questions will require a little inference and/or your deduction skills, so it may not work for everyone on every question. Let’s take for example the last question from the Research Summaries section above: It is okay if you don’t immediately understand what the words "titrant" or "sample solution" mean (since you haven’t read the passage).After reading that question, you should jump to Figure 2, the visual associated with Experiment 2. Then, check out the pH color and conductivity at 0.2 mL of titrant added.Even if I don’t know what titrant is (because I didn’t read the passage), I can see that volume of titrant added is on the x-axis.Following the x-axis to 0.2 ml of titrant added, I find the conductivity is less than 0.5 kS/cm (it is okay if I don’t understand the unit measurement). Based on the heavily dotted line, according to the key, the color is yellow. Already with this information alone, I could go ahead and eliminate answer choices B and Dsince both say the color is blue at 0.2 ml of titrant added.I will double check by finding the conductivity and color at 1.8 ml of titrant added. Using the graph, I see the conductivity is between 2.5 and 3 kS/cm. Based on the wider spaced line, according to the key, the color is blue. So yes, I was correct to eliminate B and D. I now have to choose between A and C. At this point, I need to use a little deduction if I choose not to read/skim the passage.The question is asking whether the pH is greater at 0.2 ml than at 1.8 ml of titrant added.Well, I know the conductivity is less at 0.2 ml than at 1.8 ml, but as far as pH I only know the color and don’t know what the colors mean. I know from my previous knowledge that pH and conductivity are directly related.So as one increases, so does the other. Side note: I actually did a science fair experiment in middle school testing the differing conductivity of acidic fruit based on their pH levels. No, I did not get to meet Barack Obama. So, I am going to pick answer A since no, the pH is less at 0.2 ml of titrant added than at 1.8 ml of titrant added.If you skim the passage, you will find that yellow color signifies pH less than 6 and blue color signifies pH greater than 7, so my assumption was correct. While not everyone may be able to make that second leap, you can definitely take the first step to eliminate B and E. Then, you only needed to skim to find out what yellow and blue mean in terms of pH in order to pick the correct answer. For the questions you can't answer with visuals, circle them and returnto them later. After you have answered all the questions you could with visuals, as I mentioned above, skim the passage for keywords to answer the remaining question(s). Want to learn more about ACT Science? Check out our new ACT Science prep book. If you liked this lesson, you'll love our book. It includes everything you need to know to ace ACT Science, including deep analysis of the logic behind ACT Science questions, a full breakdown of the different passage and question types, and tons of expert test-taking and study tips. Download our full-length prep book now: Passage Type 3: Conflicting Viewpoints Passage This passage is the most unique.The passage presents you with two short essays (and looks similar to apassage on the English portion of the exam).The essays represent conflicting scientific viewpoints or theories.Here is a sample passage: It's very important that you first figure out the difference in opinion between the two writers.It's always nice when the opinions are totally opposite from one another, but sometimes the differences will be subtle. There are two types of questions in the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage. Question Type 7: Understanding of Viewpoints Questions These questions check to make sure you understand each author's point of view. What would researcher X predict to happen? Here is a sample question from the above passage: Question Type 8: Comparing Viewpoints Questions These questions ask you to point outthe similarities and differences between the authors. Here is a sample question with another conflicting viewpoints passage: I recommend saving this passage for last because it takes the most time for most people since it requires you to read the whole passage to answer the questions. How Can You Use What You’ve Learned? Our Top 3 Tips We knowthere's a lot you need to know when it comes to mastering ACT Science section. That's why we've boiled down everything into our top three tips for tackling the ACT Science passages we just went over. Tip #1: Figure Out Which Types of Passages You Excel At...and Which YouDon't The different types of passages need very different approaches, and you may have particular strengths and weaknesses. Math/Science-minded students often need practice on Conflicting Viewpoints.English/Reading minded students often need more practice on Data Representation and Research Summaries. Furthermore,figure out what type of question weaknessesyou have within each type of passage.If you don’t know how to read graphs, you will need to drill questions that ask you to reference graphs. Tip #2: The Only Way to Improve Is Practice When you find your weaknesses, find practice materials that let you train your weak spots until you improve. Find more examples of the passage types and question types that you're weak in. Practice, practice practice. Tip #3:Understand Your Mistakes You might have misread a graph accidentally, or you interpreted an experiment incorrectly. Drill down on this to have the best shot at improving. If you like this approach, you would love our PrepScholar ACT prepprogram. We do the heavy lifting for you, by splitting up our prep material into specific skills. We'll detect your weaknesses automatically and give you focused lessons and quizzes to improve those skills. For even more good study material, check out ourrecommended ACT prep books. What’s Next? Get more help cracking the ACT Science section. A good place to start is unlocking the big secret of ACT Science. Once you've done that, find outthe science you have to know, and learn the best way to read ACT Science passages. Lastly, why not get tips from someone who's been there before? Learn the inside secrets to aceing the ACT Science section from someone who earned a perfect score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

The Invention of the Saddle Stirrup

The Invention of the Saddle Stirrup It seems like such a simple idea. Why not add two pieces to the saddle, hanging down on either side, for your feet to rest in while you ride a horse? After all, humans seem to have domesticated the horse around 4500 BCE. The saddle was invented at least as early as 800 BCE, yet the first proper stirrup probably came about roughly 1,000 years later, around 200-300 CE. Nobody knows who first invented the stirrup, or even in which part of Asia the inventor lived. Indeed, this is a highly controversial topic among scholars of horsemanship, ancient and medieval warfare, and the history of technology. Although ordinary people likely do not rank the stirrup as one of historys greatest inventions, up there with paper, gunpowder and pre-sliced bread, military historians consider it a truly key development in the arts of war and conquest. Was the stirrup invented once, with the technology then spreading to riders everywhere? Or did riders in different areas come up with the idea independently? In either case, when did this happen? Unfortunately, since early stirrups were likely made of biodegradable materials such as leather, bone, and wood, we may never have precise answers to these questions. First Known Examples of Stirrups So what do we know? Ancient Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huangdis terracotta army (c. 210 BCE) includes a number of horses, but their saddles do not have stirrups. In sculptures from ancient India, c. 200 BCE, bare-footed riders use big-toe stirrups. These early stirrups consisted simply of a small loop of leather, in which the rider could brace each big toe to provide a bit of stability. Suitable for riders in hot climates, however, the big-toe stirrup would have been no use for booted riders in the steppes of Central Asia or western China. Interestingly, there is also a small Kushan engraving in carnelian that shows a rider using hook-style or platform stirrups; these are L-shaped pieces of wood or horn that do not encircle the foot like modern stirrups, but rather provide a sort of foot-rest. This intriguing engraving seems to indicate that Central Asian riders may have been using stirrups circa 100 CE, but it is the only known depiction of that region, so more evidence is needed to conclude that stirrups were indeed in use in Central Asia from such an early age. Modern-style Stirrups The earliest known representation of modern-style enclosed stirrups comes from a ceramic horse figurine that was buried in a First Jin Dynasty Chinese tomb near Nanjing in 322 CE. The stirrups are triangular in shape and appear on both sides of the horse, but since this is a stylized figure, it is impossible to determine other details about the construction of the stirrups. Fortunately, a grave near Anyang, China from approximately the same date yielded an actual example of a stirrup. The deceased was buried with full equipage for a horse, including a gold-plated bronze stirrup, which was circular in shape. Yet another tomb from the Jin era in China also contained a truly unique pair of stirrups. These are more triangular in shape, made of leather bound around a wooden core, then covered with lacquer. The stirrups were then painted with clouds in red. This decorative motif brings to mind the Heavenly Horse design found later in both China and Korea. The first stirrups for which we have a direct date are from the tomb of Feng Sufu, who died in 415 CE. He was a prince of Northern Yan, just north of the Koguryeo Kingdom of Korea. Fengs stirrups are quite complex. The rounded top of each stirrup was made from a bent piece of mulberry wood, which was covered with gilded bronze sheets on the outer surfaces, and iron plates covered with lacquer on the inside, where Fengs feet would have gone. These stirrups are of typical Koguryeo Korean design. Fifth-century tumuli from Korea proper also yield stirrups, including those at Pokchong-dong and Pan-gyeje. They also appear in wall murals and figurines from the Koguryeo and Silla dynasties. Japan also adopted the stirrup in the fifth century, according to tomb art. By the eighth century, the Nara period, Japanese stirrups were open-sided cups rather than rings, designed to prevent the riders feet from becoming entangled if he or she fell off (or was shot off) of the horse. Stirrups Reach Europe Meanwhile, European riders made do without stirrups until the eighth century. The introduction of this idea (which earlier generations of European historians credited to the Franks, rather than Asia), allowed for the development of heavy cavalry. Without the stirrups, European knights could not have gotten onto their horses wearing heavy armor, nor could they have jousted. Indeed, the Middle Ages in Europe would have been quite different without this simple little Asian invention. Remaining Questions: So where does this leave us? So many questions and previous assumptions remain up in the air, given this somewhat scanty evidence. How did the Parthians of ancient Persia (247 BCE - 224 CE) turn in their saddles and fire off a parthian (parting) shot from their bows, if they did not have stirrups? (Evidently, they used highly arched saddles for extra stability, but this still seems incredible.) Did Attila the Hun really introduce the stirrup into Europe? Or were the Huns able to strike fear into the hearts of all Eurasia with their horsemanship and shooting skills, even while riding without stirrups? There is no evidence that the Huns actually used this technology. Did ancient trade routes, now little remembered, ensure that this technology spread rapidly across Central Asia and into the Middle East? Did new refinements and innovations in stirrup design wash back and forth between Persia, India, China and even Japan, or was this a secret that only gradually infiltrated Eurasian culture? Until new evidence is unearthed, we will simply have to wonder. Sources Azzaroli, Augusto. An Early History of Horsemanship, Leiden: E.J. Brill Company, 1985.Chamberlin, J. Edward. Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations, Random House Digital, 2007.Dien, Albert E. The Stirrup and Its Effect on Chinese Military History, Ars Orientalis, Vol 16 (1986), 33-56.Sinor, Denis. The Inner Asian Warriors, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 101, No. 2 (Apr. - June, 1983), 133-144.

International media, comparison essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International media, comparison - Essay Example After all, what sells more than an unsolved mystery, an enigma, or a blatant lie? Do we watch, what we believe to be true in media, or what the media wants us to believe is true? But whatever the reason may be, we, as people tend to diligently follow the news that have the most deaths, the most warped up conspiracies with wronged parties; preferably an ambiguous wronged party. I chose an event that most of us are aware of because of the thorough coverage it has received in both countries: The Drone Attacks. The drones or unmanned aerial vehicles are aircrafts either controlled by pilots’ from the ground or increasingly, autonomously following a pre-programmed mission (Chris and Wright).The drones to Pakistan are controlled by the C.I.A - Central Intelligence Agency. The American intelligence works with the Pakistani intelligence, the I.S.I – Inter-Services Intelligence, to attack and defeat Al-Qaeda and Taliban militants that have taken refuge in Pakistan. This is all p art of America’s ‘War on Terrorism’ campaign of which Pakistan is an ally. Pakistan provides its own research on the habitation of these terrorists and US attacks them. The days and times, and the numbers of these missiles are unknown to Pakistan. This is so as to catch the terrorists unawares. There have been several successes and civilian casualties in this mission. A war against terrorism is obviously an important campaign. According to statistics, in 2011 alone, there were 6303 deaths from terrorist attacks in Pakistan, of which only 2800 were actual terrorists (South Asia Terrorism Portal), the rest just innocent victims. In the US, 30 deaths have been from terrorism since 9/11 2001 (Global Terrorism Database). The difference is magnificent; however, it is mainly the South Asian countries that suffer most from this epidemic. Yet loss of life anywhere is a situation that is to be rued. Therefore, as one of the superpowers of the world, US took upon itself to fight this growing epidemic. Pakistan allied herself with the US. Since the last two years, C.I.A has led its own covert operations giving them information to the refuge places of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Pakistan. However, there are many conspiracies surrounding these attacks, just as it is with any Intelligence mission. It is claimed that while Pakistan officials are working with C.I.A privately, they publicly condemn the loss of civilian lives. Then the lack of information to the Pakistani public is causing them to see these attacks in a suspicious light, necessitating it for the US diplomats to come to Pakistan repeatedly for briefings and meetings. The operation has to be covert as well, because if the situation is made public, then the terrorists will be informed. The two main problems here are that a) C.I.A is not including Pakistan enough in its operations, and Pakistani government not informing the general public of its involvement but in fact, antagonizing them further against America. These obvious conflicting stories in both countries need to be dealt with so that the masses can trust these operations, and the number of Drone attacks reduced as they have increased in a surprising number in the last two years causing several innocent people to die. I decided to choose the high circulated newspapers of both the countries to get a perspective into each newspaper’s representation of this ongoing event. From US, I chose the New York Times. Scmitt describes the censure arising

The effects of the influx of foreigners to the Native Americans Essay - 78

The effects of the influx of foreigners to the Native Americans - Essay Example This is the first implication that there was a radical change in the Americas with the coming of foreigners settlers forced the Native Americans to change their ways to accommodate the foreigners and those who did not comply ended up being massacred or sold as slaves. This way, the foreigners could take up their vast lands and make them their own. In the states of Virginia and the Carolinas for example, the trade of Native Americans as slavery was a booming business (Williams 2007). Some of the other changes that Native Americans went through were that they had to share their land with these newcomers. An example would be the European settlers felt they were best placed to cultivate the vast lands that Native Americans had though done not put to any use as they were more civilized than any of the other foreigners. The native habitats of the Americas also had to undergo proprietary and historic cultural losses thanks to the practices and policies adopted by the United States government over the years. It was furthermore devilishly hard for the natives to maintain their cultures and their people too with the influx of the foreigners. There was no place for Native-American culture as it existed before.

View on Death Essay Example for Free

View on Death Essay Victor Cicirelli filled in the research gap between the areas of gerontology, thanatology, and psychology by conducting a research on the older persons view on death and dying. He published the results of his research in the books titled Older Adults’ Views on Death for the readers to be enlightened and to understand how older adults’ perceptions of death affect their end-of-life decisions. The research gap based from his review of related studies was in the field of thanatology, a branch of learning concerned with death and its dimensions, meanings, and associations. His area of research focused on the thoughts, feelings, and attitudes of older persons in relation to death. Cicirelli conducted an empirical study of 109 adults of ages 70 years and older in a community in central Indiana. The population sample was composed of more white people than the African-American citizens in Indiana. Sixteen of the participants were male and the remaining were women. This group was further categorized into five age groups, and by education, socioeconomic status, marital status, employment, and occupational level. He also subdivided the white participants into high and low socioeconomic status groups in order to identify a group similar in education and occupational level to the African-Americans participating in the study. The goal of the research was to identify the variables that affected their views in death. The first phase of Cicirelli’s data gathering used validated instruments and quantitative analysis to relate results to demographic and contextual variables. To get more insights from the older adults, open-ended interviews were conducted. The data analysis using qualitative techniques used to identify research themes and further relate them to the gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status of the sample population. Using a creative mix of quantitative interviews with structured response categories as well as open-ended qualitative 32476179_View on Death Page 2 interviews, which allowed the respondents to speak in their own words, Cicirelli forms a web of data, which strengthens his study and adds considerable flesh to the findings. Cicirelli adapted the available and present scales, or developed ones based used in the review of related studies, and quantified the three groups of notions as the foci of the study. First, apprehension and worry of passing away, is ‘‘the anxiety experienced in daily life caused by the anticipation of the state in which one is dead’’ (Cicirelli, 2002). Four dimensions utilized this impression: fear of the dying process, worry of being destroyed, fear of the unknown, and fear for considerable others. Second, contemplations of the dying process scrutinize matters ‘‘that a person in the last stages of a terminal illness might have’’ (Cicirelli, 2002), particularly the feelings of dying they would be expecting to experience if they were in the infirmary with terminal cancer and had five more days to live. Third, the individual adults’ connotation of bereavement ‘‘are primarily cognitive interpretations of objects and events in the environment and occur prior to and serve as stimuli for emotional reactions’’ (Cicirelli, 2002). These hypotheses include 4 multi-item subordinate scales (death as afterlife, as legacy, as extinction, and as motivator). In his first and second major concern in Older Adults’ Views on Death, Cicirelli found a wide range of attitudes toward fear of death, including having little fear of death and dying, to having considerable fear. Most of the citizens have experienced anxiety and worry about their end. People were also worried about the pain, process, dependence, and the unknown dimension death may bring. The fear of death is the inescapable factor in life. Most of the populace feared death and the dying process because they were anticipating the end-of-life. As a consequence, it brings anxiety to a person. Another factor that contributed to the two notions of Cicirelli was the age variations of the participants. On the contrary, the research 32476179_View on Death Page 3 showed that the fear of death and dying process may hit the highest point in the early 80s and the potential greater chances of the acceptance of death in an older person approaches 90 years of age. Unexpectedly, the research participants did not account particular fears of the dying process itself. Many people in this study seem to see death as a quick, painless process, although it is not unusual for these same persons to have knowledge and experience of deaths of close persons whose dying was likely to have been prolonged and painful. The older persons preferred to view the dying process as a metaphor â€Å"sleep,† that leads to a denial of the process itself. Cicirelli also speculated that their refutation is a process older adults’ may employ in foreseeing death. There appeared to be inadequately existing thought given to planning and preparations for the dying process itself. Cicirelli deduced his first and second assumptions that the research participants seemed unrealistic in regards to death and dying process. However, what was more realistic was their worry of being destroyed and the fear of the considerate others. The notion was reinforced when the research participants said they do not want others with them when they die. Family relationships and close friendships remain meaningful to the end of life, and feelings of closeness to living family members, and the number of family members preceding an individual in death seem to be important factors related to older adults’ views of death. They do not want these important people in their lives to see how they die. He comments that older adults may need to be educated about the dying process so that they develop more realistic plans. The third notion of Cicirelli focused on the meanings of death on older people. The author touched on the meanings of different types of death, such as that caused by war, murder, accidents, catastrophes, assisted suicide, euthanasia, and disease. Open-ended 32476179_View on Death Page 4 interviews and sentence completion tasks was developed in which personal meanings for death could include (1) death as legacy, (2) as afterlife, (3) as extinction, and (4) as a motivator. All four of these meanings for death were affirmed in varying degrees, and while some differences by age category were found in the strength of the results, the idea of death as relating to an afterlife and contemporary life was confirmed. The derivation of personal meanings involved questions about lifespan expectations, what a person would do given more time than expected, whether they would want to live forever given perfect health and freedom from financial pressures, and whether they thought about death as it came nearer. Cicirelli construed that most people do not desire infinite life, and death as an afterlife was the most meaningful of the four factors explored in the qualitative instrument he developed. Death as meaning a loss of physical function, loss of personal relationships, and offering release from life’s troubles were concepts also found to be meaningful. Aside from his major foci in the book, Cicirelli has suggested quite a few areas for future research that are compelling: religion and people’s attachment to God, and the financial concerns and terminal care. What are extremely clear from Cicirelli’s Older Adults’ Views on Death is that older adults’ perceptions of death, the dying process, and their fears of death are highly variable and influenced by many factors such as human relationships, happenings in life, and age. The wealth of data the book it provided the readers generated different feelings and thoughts as to death and the valuation of life. The personal goals, expectations, and the meaning of the future in the context of Cicirelli became the sources of reactions and sentiments to the timing of death and how to live life to the fullest. 32476179_View on Death Page 5 Fear creates various strings of feelings that were attached to the community. They express fear of pain, fear of sorrow, fear of disease flare-ups, fear of death or disfigurement, fear of different drugs and their side effects afterwards, and other fears that kept on creeping in the veins. Fear is a normative action in response to life’s ups and downs. It is a component that completes the existence of human beings as a part of the community. In effect, the branches of fear that connects us to one another regardless of the different age groups played a vital role in the views of elder people on death. Not only older people are affected by the fear of death and the dying process but also the younger age groups in the community. The awful fear of death comes to every person and haunts the society until the end-of-life happens. The sudden removal of fear especially the fear of death and the dying process in the research participants was a surprise and created an uncomfortable feeling. People think that fear of death is absent because it rarely shows its true face. It is concealed in the faith an individual has—may it be a faith in God or a faith in destiny. The fear of death is a normal circumstance in life. Yet, the research participants were not bothered and overpowered by the fear itself coming to their lives. The astonishment with the strong faith these people have in the midst of uncertainty, and of the unknown became a concealment of the human nature. On the other hand, what was there to fear about if dying was a normal incident in life? Anxiety is linked with the satisfaction and the perception of life. The thought of death as an unavoidable event in our existence created a lighter feeling of joy. The fear of death enslaved the mind that can deteriorate the quality of life a person can have. The fear of death is worst than death itself. It molded a restricted world full of worries and tension. The elimination of anxieties due to the fear of death and the dying process gives a light of hope to continue 32476179_View on Death Page 6 living life to the fullest. The positive outlook of the research participants transformed the negative astonishment and uncomfortable emotion into a favorable and joyous feeling. Hence, the good things in life would be more cherished without the interference of sorrow and fear that abridge pleasures and memorable experiences. However, the moment of joy was tainted with a feeling of disappointment regarding the view of death. It arose when the person’s view of death became was anchored on the encounters and happenings in life. People sometimes have an unrealistic view of death, thinking that whatever happened to a friend or a family member would also happen to them. Some salient aspects of the context referred to the past experiences’ potential to affect the attitudes and perceptions towards their own death and dying. The experience may vary from the loss of dignity in death to the inevitable decay of the bodily material that was imprinted on the memory. People come short of realizing that there are numerous causes of deaths. It does not follow and guarantee an individual that what happened to your friend or parent would also happen to you. It is frustrating to know that people compare their own lives with others, even in the process of death. It is not the fear of death that was dreaded but the loss of life and the opportunities that come with it. The book consisted of refreshing ideas that generated the impression of leaving your fears behind and cherishing every moment in your life. Even as a young adult, the book inspired the readers not to be too consumed on the thought of death. There are many things to enjoy and to contemplate about death. Every person has different and unique encounters. Life must not be preempted and expected as how other people experience life incidences. 32476179_View on Death Page 7 It may be that fleeting or sporadic thoughts of dying and death have the power to maximize the value of life. Acceptance of death may be associated with increased meaning and satisfactions with living . To be adamantly discerning on the mortality of persons is to present an unsettling challenge to completely understand human nature. Thus, the book was not only about death but also the prevailing transitory of human nature and their way of life: people were too much consumed of repression, comparison, and expectations on death that they failed to understand the human existence. Reference: Cicirelli, V. G. (2002). Older Adults views on death. New York: Springer Publishing.

All about star wars :: essays research papers

Star Wars, by George Lucas, is an excellent movie. This movie is filled with archetypal and mythic patterns , and the ideas represented in the film are essential ingredients to human emotion . The most obvious idea represented by the movie is religion. Good versus Evil, Light versus Dark, and the Rebels versus the Empire -- these are all spiritual overtones in the elaborate story line. The religious connections become apparent when aspects of the movie are analyzed. Star Wars opens with a deserted desert planet where the viewer is introduced to the main character, Luke Skywalker, and his aunt and uncle. Luke is a young kid who yearns for adventure, he is gifted with a strong grasp of "The Force", a mystical ability to manipulate the environment with one’s mind. At first, Luke is unaware of his gift, and unsure of his beliefs. He is guided by a old wise man named Obi-Wan Kenobi, A once Jedi Knight. Jedi Knights were once the protectors of the galaxy but are all but extinct. Obi-Wan provides guidance for the young Skywalker, teaching him how to use his gift for good. Once Luke lets go of his mental block, and is able to feel the force, Obi-Wan tells him "You've taken your first step into a larger world." The force is a religion that is not only an idea, but seems to have physical properties to it. It's all powerful, like a God, but yet the Jedi have found a way to interact with it. The force is balanced between good and evil, providing room in the galaxy for both. Obi-wan describes the force as "†¦what gives the Jedi his power... It's an energy field created by all living things. It surrounds us, it penetrates us, and binds the galaxy together.† Also on the good side of The Force, there are the Rebels, and Princess Leia. It is interesting to note that all of the foot soldiers of the Rebel Alliance wear helmets which are open faced, so that the viewer can see the face of the rebel, and humanize them. Princess Leia represents the damsel in distress that is held captive by the evil lord, Darth Vader. The Princess is dressed in a white gown to show innocence, purity, and truth. There are also characters in Star Wars that are somewhat neutral when it comes to The Force.

CW Introduction

The founder of Lid was by a man named Dieter Schwartz who currently has a net worth of around $15. 2 Billion he got that success from being the founder of Lid. He is the CEO and chairman of the company and Dieter is also the CEO of the hyper market Kaufmann. The company Lid has been around for many years and they were founded in the year 1 930 when the company was founded in Germany. The first ever Lid store was opened in the year 1973 and the store started to gain a lot of consumers by the sass's.Lid then decided to branch their stores outside of Germany and as of now the store can be found in nearly every country in Europe. Lid loves to sell top quality products and sell them for the lowest prices available. The first ever UK store of Lid was established in 1 994 and they are still growing in the UK and more than 600 stores. 1 An evaluation of the strategic position of the company (500 – 600 words*) There are many different ways that Lid are trying to keep their strategic po sition of the company. This will include the many plans that Lid has for true plans and development.Which include plans such as there expansions? There have been reports that to maintain Lid's strategic position is by expanding the amount of stores they have and they soon want to have an empire of 1 500 stores and this will maintain their strategic position as more stores and thus this will mean more business. I will also include a SOOT analysis of Lid which show the strengths of the company and show the strengths and weakness of the company. Strengths in Lid include Has a good range of branded products and also has its own Bargain labelsThey usually build their places in deprived areas where cheap food and items are needed by that area and they sell items that suit most of peoples incomes Lid usually open on Sundays and holidays Is going to expand their store count to 1500 stores Weakness in Lid They are still pretty small compared to bigger brands There isn't many chain stores aro und Opportunity To gain a further stronghold and to expand in other countries like Africa and Asia Threats The increase in competition with Laid and other business meaning more intention for Lid Cost of all products PESTLE analysis for Lid an PESTLE analysis evaluates the following areas of Lid which include the following Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental. Political – The political areas that can affect Lid are as follows the government intervening with wages and having Lid have National Minimal wages.

Corrections Timeline

This essay is going to show the development with four eras of the correctional system. The four eras that will be discussed with be: 1800, 1960, 1980 and 2000. For each era we will go over the description of the holding or monitoring of the offenders, the treatment and punishment of the offenders and the influences of the particular era on today’s correctional system. The conclusion will discuss the most beneficial era to the correctional system, as well as, recommendations for ways in which the current correctional system could be improved upon. Penitentiary era 1800’s With the ideas of The Age of Enlightenment growing in popularity, a new concept of criminal punishment came into play; the penitentiary. The penitentiary first appeared in 1790 when the Philadelphia Walnut Street Jail was expanded to allow separate confinement of inmates. The western State Penitentiary was established in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1819, as well as the Auburn State Penitentiary in New York. The Auburn State Penitentiary was based on a congregate system. Seeks to redeem offenders through a well-ordered routine of the prison, implementing strict discipline, labor, obedience, and silence. The inmates were held in isolation at night but congregated in workshops during the day. They could not talk or look at each other while working or at meals. The work consisted of hard labor, such as the construction of roads or buildings. The inmates had to walk in unison, in a formation known as the lock step. The goal of The Auburn State Penitentiary was to redeem the offender through the well-organized practice of the prison (Clear, Cole, & Reisig, 2009). In 1821 after many years of lobbying from the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, the Pennsylvania Legislature approves funding to build the Eastern State Penitentiary. The new prison will hold 250 inmates. In 1829 Masks are fabricated to keep the inmates from communicating during rare trips outside their cells. Cells are equipped with feed doors and individual exercise yards to prevent contact between inmates, and minimize contact between inmates and guards. In 1839, the County of Chester built its first off site jail at Market and New Street in West Chester, Pennsylvania. This structure subsequently underwent alteration and additions up until 1941. This Prison was modeled after the Walnut Street jails in Philadelphia the first County institution which was built in 1770. The only differences were the sanitary provisions, beds and heating for each cell. 1862 – A cabinet shop is opened in the prison. In the next ten years, the prison will add a shoe shop, a tailor shop, a wagon factory, and an expansion to the cabinet shop for other furniture and chairs. By 1878, the revenues will be sufficient to allow the prison to run without drawing appropriations from the state’s treasury. A knitting industry is added in 1893, a twine plant in 1912, a cannery in 1915, a license plate operation in 1917, a print shop in the early 1920s, and a laundry in 1940. The laundry, license plate, wood and metal furniture, printing and signage, silk-screening, and tailoring operations survive to this day at the prison. Community Era 1960’s to 1980. During this era there were lot of Development of behavioral techniques in 1930s and 1940s brought about concept of treatment in prisons. â€Å"Correctional Facilities. † Treatment based on â€Å"medical model. † Individual and group therapy programs evolved. Neurosurgery- Used to control aggressive behavior and destructive urges – frontal lobotomies were part of this approach. Sensory deprivation- Denial of stimulation by isolating prisoners in quiet, secluded environment. Aversion therapy- Drugs and/or electric shock used to teach prisoner to associate negative behavior with pain and displeasure. Today’s Prisons In today’s prisons Whites – 1229 incarcerated per 100,000 white males in their late 20’s. Blacks – 10,376 incarcerated per 100,000 black males in their late 20’s. the prisons today with the maximum system looks like the: high fences/walls of concrete barriers between living area and outer perimeter, electric perimeters, laser motion detectors, electronic and pneumatic locking systems, metal detectors, X-ray machines and television surveillance. Medium security prison, Similar in design to maximum security facilities, however, they allow prisoners more freedom. In them, prisoners can usually: associate with other prisoners, go to the prison yard, use exercise room/equipment, visit the library and take showers and use bathroom facilities with less supervision. Also in the medium security prison they usually have dormitory style housing. Cells and living quarters tend to have more windows. These facilities tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls. Last we have the minimum security prisons which: Housing tends to be dormitory style and prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility. Work is done under general supervision only. Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist. Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked. â€Å"Counts† are usually not taken. Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes. I believe that all the eras had a lot to do with how far we have come in the correctional system today. I would have to say that the way we are running the system today is the best we have had and we will continue to learn and over time will make the system better.

Dolly Hall and Wife Essay Example

Dolly Hall and Wife Essay Example Dolly Hall and Wife Essay Dolly Hall and Wife Essay On his way home to Brunswick. He doesnt know for sure if his wife takes him back. This story he tells six teenagers who are on the same bus as Vingo. To start with Vingo is a very shy person, because he doesnt speak very long with the girl, Just short dialogues. This can be seen in line 25 up to 27. In addition he doesnt show any emotions and sink into the silence. Vingo is a romantic and respectful man, because of his settings to his wife. He says to the girl who talks with him, that he understands, if his wife choose an another man and forget him, but if she wants to take him back, she hangs out yellow handkerchiefs on an oak tree in Brunswick. This portrays the narrator in line 50 up to 54. In contrast of his wife and his three children, the narrator claims that he is a very thoughtful person. This can be coincluded from the fact that he sits all alone the way back home, without doing anything, Just listens to usic or to read a book. This is underlined in line 10 to 11 and line 38 up t044- on his way home to Brunswick. He doesnt know for sure if his wife takes him back. This story he tells six teenagers who are on the same bus as Vingo. To start with Vingo is a very shy person, because he doesnt speak very long with the girl, Just short music or to read a book. This is underlined in line 10 to 11 and line 38 up to 44.

A Study of Macroeconomics in Relation to Supply and Demand

A Study of Macroeconomics in Relation to Supply and Demand Macroeconomics can be best defined as ,the part of a countries economy which is primarily concerned with large-scale or general economic factors, such as interest rates as well as national productivity, national income, gross domestic product (Kaplan, J. (2002). Specifically, as the topic of Macroeconomics pertains directly to both the Supply as well as Demand for Health Insurance it is especially vital to acknowledge that Macroeconomics is a phenomena which also effects our countries (United States) inflation range, price levels, rate of growth, massive changes in unemployment(Staff, I. (2016, September 07).This essay will effectively highlight the overall extent in which Macroeconomics effects both the Supply as well as overall Demand of Health Insurance within the United States, including why the Macroeconomics system is not the preferred method system to apply in relation to our nations healthcare system. Lastly, this essay will thoroughly highlight the overall effects of Americ as Inflation Rate, Price levels of Insurance/Premiums, as well as massive changes in the rate of employment as they effect both the Supply as well as Demand of Healthcare Insurance The Overall Extent to Which Macroeconomics Effects Both the Supply as well as Demand for Health Insurance When it comes to the Macroeconomics system, there can be no doubt of the sheer importance of this particular discipline however, in order to more actively explore both the massive healthcare system in relation to the Macroeconomics system as a whole, we must come to a completely absolute and rather disappointing fact! And the fact of the matter is that, despite the Macroeconomics system working well for a vast majority of our current societys needs, it still doesnt work well nor efficiently for our Nations most basic Healthcare System needs, despite having some rather noteworthy and rather specific areas of research including both the researching of Business Cycles the economic growth aspect of the discipline. At large, The demand for healthcare really sees no limit, especially if cost is not a factor for the consumer, and that is the case, of course, in most third-party payment situations (Christensen, T. (2010, October 23). As a result, prices will steadily rise overtime and without stopping! Furthermore, when it comes to taking care of sick people as well as others in need of the basic medical services, it is important to mention that, in many cases, when it comes to both the supply and demand within the field of healthcare, its almost ,if not practically impossible for healthcare workers, fellow hospital staff, the facilities Human Resource Management Departments and even fellow nurses and physicians alike to absolutely know exactly how much demand they should expect to plan for on a daily basis. Thus, rather medical professionals are in a private practice or working in the Emergency Room, issues involving both the Supply as well as Demand within the Healthcare Industry effects all med ical professionals as well as ERs, Hospital and other various medical facilities on an operative level .Unfortunately, due to the circumstances, the supply can become an issue when demand is not accurately known. In this case as well as others like it, the much needed numbers/statistics will not be present to report accurately back to governmental officials nor to state departments and other respective governmental agencies. Lastly we must take into account that, the supply of physicians and providers is not driven by normal market forces. We see a lot of increasing specialization for reasons that arent necessarily fitting with the supply-demand curve (Christensen, T. (2010, October 23). The latter reason is because, when doctors attend medical schooling, they are free to choose their chose their medical specialty. Consequently, most doctors tend to pursue the healthcare professional specialties which pay the most in salaries (financial compensation) as well as have the most benefi ts associated with them. It is because of this Freedom of Choice amongst doctors as it pertains to their preferred medical specialty that the costs for such medical treatment and consequently healthcare professional services varies by such staggering amounts Nevertheless, the latter issues also effects both the primary Doctors and their Nursing staff .members as well as those medical doctors whom chose to become specialized because, most specialized physicians get compensated more than the average traditional family practice doctors. Subsequently, due to such a drastic increase in doctor specialization the supply demand curve is highly insufficient to say the least in field of healthcare and medicine. The Overall Effects of Americas Inflation Rate, on the Supply Demand of Health Insurance By its very definition an Inflation Rate is the overall, Rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services are rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling (Financial-dictionary. (2013). This means that when an individual sees both the prices for goods (such as food water, shelter, and all store purchased items) As well as services (such as the ability to be both seen and treated by a doctor (not to mention any other service) will be effected. As briefly mentioned previously, both primary care physicians as well as their specialist Physician (Doctor) counterparts most often chose their specialty based on their potential salary and offered benefits package. This is makes perfect sense when prices for such services grow exponentially. Unfortunately when it comes to inflation, Healthcare, in addition to other vital needs, goods and services are oftentimes the first expenses to increase exponentially as inflation rates begin to rise. The increase f or medical insurance companies, including their billing and collection departments as well as volume and case load also increases leading to more work for less money (and an overall decrease in purchasing power).As reported by Forbes Magazine, additional costs are due to several different reasons, and can include but may not notably be restricted to, political decisions such as additional taxes and increased regulations which can impact health care costs (Patton, M. (2015, June 29). In addition to the amount the steadily increase in hospital/physician lawsuits, and consequently increased medical malpractice coverage. Macroeconomics- The Price Levels of Insurance/Premiums Unfortunately, since these changes are yet to be corrected by The System nor our elected representatives (politicians), as healthcare prices continue to soar and both medical insurance companies in addition to patients/clients and healthcare providers still continue to deal with the crunch. According to the November 2013 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the primary reason for the rise in health care costs between 2000 and 2011 accounting for 91%, was an increase in the price of drugs, medical devices, and hospital care (Compassphs. (2015, September 18).Nevertheless, it has also been revealed that, out of these costs that Administrative cost make up approximately, 5.6%/year, and are mainly health insurance costs, while the prices of health services is expected to increase by a massive 4.2% yearly, drugs medical devices another 4% yearly and Professional service fees for doctors to increase by 3.6% each year(Compassphs. (2015, September 18). Highly depr essing figures to look forward to as well as cope with in the near future! How Macroeconomics effects Massive Changes in the Rate of Employment As it pertains to (Macroeconomics) the Supply Demand for Health Insurance can and does effect massive changes in the overall Rate of Employment. As revealed by the Employment Policies Institute The cost of this insurance has increased by more than 59 percent since 2000, with no accompanying increase in the scale or scope of benefits (Employment Institute Policies (2017, February). Unfortunately as this happens, significant effects on both health insurance markets and labor markets, including changes in the number of jobs, hours worked per employee, wages, and compensation packages (Employment Institute Policies (2017, February) can and often do occur. As this happens, more and more individuals and their families find themselves spending more money as well as being essentially limited to which doctor practices they can see ( as per coverage). Lastly, the unemployment rates as well as the amount of Americans living without health insurance could drastically increase and cause a massiv e economic disaster as more and more employers (business owners) would be forced to lay off employees in order to save money or discontinue the standard work week so that the employer no longer has to pay for their employees health insurance coverage. A Study of Macroeconomics in Relation to Supply and Demand A Study of Macroeconomics in Relation to Supply and Demand Introduction Thesis Statement: â€Å"Macroeconomics† can be best defined as ,â€Å"the part of a countries economy which is primarily concerned with large-scale or general economic factors, such as interest rates as well as national productivity, national income, gross domestic product† (Kaplan, J. (2002). Specifically, as the topic of Macroeconomics pertains directly to both the â€Å"Supply as well as Demand for Health Insurance it is especially vital to acknowledge that â€Å"Macroeconomics† is a phenomena which also effects our countries (United States) â€Å"inflation range, price levels, rate of growth, massive changes in unemployment†(Staff, I. (2016, September 07).This essay will effectively highlight the overall extent in which Macroeconomics effects both the â€Å"Supply† as well as overall â€Å"Demand† of Health Insurance within the United States, including why the Macroeconomics system is not the â€Å"preferred† method system to apply in relation to our nation’s healthcare system. Lastly, this essay will thoroughly highlight the overall effects of America’s Inflation Rate, Price levels of Insurance/Premiums, as well as massive changes in the rate of employment as they effect both the â€Å"Supply† as well as â€Å"Demand† of Healthcare Insurance The Overall Extent to Which Macroeconomics Effects Both the â€Å"Supply† as well as â€Å"Demand† for Health Insurance When it comes to the Macroeconomics system, there can be no doubt of the sheer importance of this particular discipline however, in order to more actively explore both the massive healthcare system in relation to the Macroeconomics system as a whole, we must come to a completely absolute and rather disappointing fact! And the fact of the matter is that, despite the Macroeconomics system working well for a vast majority of our current society’s needs, it still doesn’t work well nor efficiently for our Nation’s most basic â€Å"Healthcare System† needs, despite having some rather noteworthy and rather â€Å"specific areas of research including both the researching of â€Å"Business Cycles† the â€Å"economic growth† aspect of the discipline. At large, â€Å"The demand for healthcare really sees no limit, especially if cost is not a factor for the consumer, and that is the case, of course, in most third-party payment situations† (Christensen, T. (2010, October 23). As a result, prices will steadily rise overtime and without stopping! Furthermore, when it comes to taking care of sick people as well as others in need of the â€Å"basic medical services†, it is important to mention that, in many cases, when it comes to both the â€Å"supply† and â€Å"demand† within the field of healthcare, it’s almost ,if not practically impossible for healthcare workers, fellow hospital staff, the facilities Human Resource Management Departments and even fellow nurses and physicians alike to absolutely know exactly how much â€Å"demand† they should expect to plan for on a daily basis. Thus, rather medical professionals are in a private practice or working in the Emergency Room, issues involving bo th the â€Å"Supply† as well as â€Å"Demand† within the Healthcare Industry effects all medical professionals as well as ER’s, Hospital and other various medical facilities on an operative level .Unfortunately, due to the circumstances, the â€Å"supply† can become an issue when â€Å"demand† is not accurately known. In this case as well as others like it, the much needed numbers/statistics will not be â€Å"present† to report accurately back to governmental officials nor to state departments and other respective governmental agencies. Lastly we must take into account that, â€Å"the supply of physicians and providers is not driven by normal market forces. We see a lot of increasing specialization for reasons that aren’t necessarily fitting with the supply-demand curve† (Christensen, T. (2010, October 23). The latter reason is because, when doctors attend medical schooling, they are free to choose their chose their medical â⠂¬Å"specialty†. Consequently, most doctors tend to pursue the healthcare professional â€Å"specialties † which pay the most in salaries (financial compensation) as well as have the most benefits associated with them. It is because of this â€Å"Freedom of Choice† amongst doctors as it pertains to their preferred medical â€Å"specialty† that the costs for such medical treatment and consequently healthcare professional services varies by such staggering amounts Nevertheless, the latter issues also effects both the primary Doctors and their Nursing staff .members as well as those medical doctors whom chose to become â€Å"specialized because, most â€Å"specialized physicians† get compensated more than the average â€Å"traditional† family practice doctors. Subsequently, due to such a drastic increase in doctor specialization the supply demand curve is highly insufficient to say the least in field of healthcare and medicine. â€Å"The Overall Effects of America’s Inflation Rate, on the Supply Demand of Health Insurance By its very definition an â€Å"Inflation Rate† is the overall, â€Å"Rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services are rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling† (Financial-dictionary. (2013). This means that when an individual sees both the prices for goods (such as food water, shelter, and all store purchased items) As well as services (such as the ability to be both seen and treated by a doctor (not to mention any other service) will be effected. As briefly mentioned previously, both primary care physicians as well as their specialist Physician (Doctor) counterparts most often chose their â€Å"specialty† based on their potential salary and offered benefits package. This is makes perfect sense when prices for such services grow exponentially. Unfortunately when it comes to inflation, Healthcare, in addition to other vital needs, goods and services are oftentimes the first expenses to increase exponentially as inf lation rates begin to rise. The increase for medical insurance companies, including their billing and collection departments as well as volume and case load also increases leading to more work for less money (and an overall decrease in purchasing power).As reported by Forbes Magazine, additional costs are due to several different reasons, and can include but may not notably be restricted to, â€Å"political decisions such as additional taxes and increased regulations which can impact health care costs† (Patton, M. (2015, June 29). In addition to the amount the steadily increase in hospital/physician lawsuits, and consequently increased medical malpractice coverage. Macroeconomics- The Price Levels of Insurance/Premiums Unfortunately, since these changes are yet to be corrected by â€Å"The System† nor our elected representatives (politicians), as healthcare prices continue to soar and both medical insurance companies in addition to patients/clients and healthcare providers still continue to deal with the crunch. â€Å"According to the November 2013 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the primary reason for the rise in health care costs between 2000 and 2011 accounting for 91%, was an increase in the price of drugs, medical devices, and hospital care† (Compassphs. (2015, September 18).Nevertheless, it has also been revealed that, out of these costs that Administrative cost make up approximately, â€Å"5.6%/year, and are mainly health insurance costs, while the prices of health services is expected to increase by a massive 4.2% yearly, drugs medical devices another 4% yearly and Professional service fees for doctors to increase by 3.6% each year†(Com passphs. (2015, September 18). Highly depressing figures to look forward to as well as â€Å"cope with† in the near future! How Macroeconomics effects Massive Changes in the Rate of Employment As it pertains to (Macroeconomics) the â€Å"Supply Demand for Health Insurance can and does effect massive changes in the overall Rate of Employment. As revealed by the â€Å"Employment Policies Institute† â€Å"The cost of this insurance has increased by more than 59 percent since 2000, with no accompanying increase in the scale or scope of benefits† (Employment Institute Policies (2017, February). Unfortunately as this happens, â€Å"significant effects on both health insurance markets and labor markets, including changes in the number of jobs, hours worked per employee, wages, and compensation packages† (Employment Institute Policies (2017, February) can and often do occur. As this happens, more and more individuals and their families find themselves spending more money as well as being essentially limited to which doctor practices they can see ( as per coverage). Lastly, the â€Å"unemployment rates† as well as the amount of Americans living without health insurance could drastically increase and cause a massive economic disaster as more and more employers (business owners) would be forced to â€Å"lay off† employees in order to save money or discontinue the standard work week so that the employer no longer has to pay for their employee’s â€Å"health insurance coverage†.

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management Essay - 5

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management - Essay Example It is estimated that retails sales in the sector would go up to  £137bn by 2010 although most of it will be in the convenience sector. The SWOT analysis suggests Asda has plenty of opportunity for growth if it focuses on online shopping, where Tesco has been dominating so far. Internet has penetrated the business environment and e-commerce has become common place but companies are unable to reap benefits because of the challenges it poses. In the UK grocery sector, Tesco once again dominates although its start-up costs were high. Asda did attempt online shopping but did not meet with success. If they change their model of operation and take into account several factors like building customer confidence, assuring online security and privacy and understanding customer needs, they would be able to overcome the challenges posed by e-commerce in grocery retail. The logistics would have to be worked out as well. UK grocery retailing is dominated by large multiple supermarket chains that have influenced the overall grocery retailing sector in the UK. The total retail sales through UK grocery outlets were valued at  £120bn in 2005 out of which the contribution of supermarkets and superstores was  £88bn (Defra, 2006). Retail grocery sector provides 5% of the employment in the UK and the profit margins of the supermarkets ranges between 2 and 6 percent. To achieve the economies of scale these firms operate ten or more stores and under one roof they offer the maximum number of items possible. These stores are based on the concept of self-service. The UK grocery retail is patterned after oligopoly where few major firms like Morrisons, Tesco Sainsbury, Asda and Safeway dominate the sector. They have been able to prevent new entrants into the sector. ASDA, the supermarket chain in the UK retails food, clothing, toys and general merchandise. It 1999, it became the subsidiary of American retail giant Wal-Mart, and it now ranks second largest in UK, second to

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Criminology - Essay Example erefore, the classical philosophers and other modern scholars of American criminology founded varied theories regarding the issue of crime as a social phenomenon. Understanding criminology theories depend on the relationships made in formulating them and each theory differ from one situation to another. Therefore, social learning theory is one of the criminology theories that explain the way people develop their behaviors through socialization. This theory argues  that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"as social creatures, our behavior is a product of our environment,† thus understanding social learning theory is imperative because it enables the policy makers to implement effective strategies for combating crime issues in the society. Social learning theory is one of the criminology theories that attempt to address the issue of the social environment and the way it influences crimes of all sorts. Understanding social learning theory in criminology can be simple or complex, but this depends on the relationships made by social scientists in formulating theories (Akers 56). However, this theory is significant because it enables criminal investigators to understand the way crime are committed and what influences them. This is vital because it enables the policy makers to implement effective ways of controlling such crimes that result through learning from social environments. This can be through providing mass education programs to the public on the consequences of involving in crime activities and encouraging people in the society to serve as role models to others. Social learning theory controls the behaviors of an individual in the society. Therefore, understanding this theory is essential because it enables one to understand the study of criminology. Learning refers to the habit or knowledge gained as a result of experiences within the surrounding environment. It is opposed to instinct, drives or genetic predispositions, thus enabling people to understand criminology study (Furst 96). The

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Decide by yourself - Essay Example This is evident in the calls that concerned individuals and private institutions, foundations and sectors that address anti-racism and anti-discrimination in the national and international setting. The book "Myne Owne Ground" showed, racism was once blatant in the US. Slavery, especially in Virginia was all highly visible manifestations of racism committed with the sanction or even active participation of the authorities. Although overt manifestations of racism today would be unacceptable to the majority of US citizens, the country is still struggling with ongoing racial and ethnic divisions . (Vaughan, 1995) Major steps taken over the past 50 years to end institutionalized racism have not eliminated the inequalities which many members of racial minorities continue to face in daily life. The black-white divide on racial matters is one of the most profound and enduring in American society. For decades, public opinion polls have shown that blacks and whites differ fundamentally as to what constitutes the race problem, how severe it is, and what to do about it. The segregation and discrimination of the black urban community is the result of politics and economy in the mainstream history of the United States. Millions of Africans were brought to the Americas and traded there as slaves (Vaughan, 1995). This mass movement of people led to a new social and economic system; with the color of the skin as a determining factor whether one would live as a slave or as a free citizen. By the 1640s and 1650s, England thus had five substantial areas of overseas settlements--the Irish plantations of Ulster and Munster; the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland; Bermuda; the New England colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Haven; and the West Indian colonies of Barbados and the Leeward Islands. The predominantly English people who went to these areas all intended to one degree or another for the new societies they were creating to be fundamentally and recognizably English. Yet the new research into the cultural dynamics and socioeconomic and demographic configurations of the two major centers of English settlement on the North American continent has made it clearer than ever before that during these early years of settlement the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland differed profoundly from the principal New England colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut. Indeed, it would be difficult to imagine how any two f ragments from the same metropolitan culture could have been any more different (Vaughan, 1995). About the only characteristics they had in common were their ethnic homogeneity, their ruralness, their primitive material conditions, their remoteness from England, and, after their first few years, an abundant local food supply. In virtually every other respect, they seem to have been diametric opposites. Along with the strong cohesive force exerted by the church, village, family, schools, and visible and authoritative leadership structures that characterized the New England villages, the absence of exceptional economic opportunities inhibited the urge to scatter that was so powerful among the settlers in the Chesapeake (Vaughan, 1995). T

The Alcohol Advertising And Adolescent Drinking Media Essay

The Alcohol Advertising And Adolescent Drinking Media Essay Alcohol is the most popular recreational drug in America, so beer and liquor companies advertise on various television channels. Recent research has discovered cable television shows with a significant proportion of teenage viewers are also those that have the most commercials for alcohol. There are many explanations why adolescents are influenced in to drink alcohol and there is reason to believe television advertisements have a large role. As alcohol advertisers turn towards cable television the exposure to younger viewers will escalate. The amount of money spent on alcohol advertising on cable television increased by 137% from 2001 to 2006. The extra money spent attributed to an increase of the number of alcohol commercials by 176% (Chung, Garfield, Elliott 2010). With over double the amount of new advertisements many alcohol companies started to compete against each other for the best commercials. For instance, Miller lite aired a commercial about a group of friends at a bar who all agree their one friend is unmanly for ordering a Bud lite. Competitive advertising of alcohol has resulted in new branding techniques that are effective across all viewers including the adolescent audience (Jones Jernigan, 2010). Assessing the influence of alcohol advertising on peoples drinking habits is a challenging task. Alcohol is an adult product, yet most underage consumers are already aware of its existence. This unavoidably limits the potential effects that alcohol advertising could have on increasing overall consumption. Due to the existing popularity of this product, advertisers focus on creating an appealing brand rather than increasing the total market. While new consumers are not advertisers target, the power of alcohol advertising campaigns to shape consumption habits cannot be neglected. Criticism has been directed toward alcohol advertising, particularly regarding the use of image (lifestyle) advertising, and its potential influence on adolescent alcohol consumption. This research study sought to determine if adolescents who drink, or intend to drink alcohol at some future time, find image advertisements for alcohol more appealing than product advertisements. 40 college students, ages 18 to 20, volunteered to fill out the survey. This study is focused on attitudes and beliefs towards alcohol brands and advertising rather than on consumption behavior. Attitudes and beliefs about alcohol advertisements are not irrelevant to understanding how advertising might influence consumption. Evidence of an association between preference for image advertisements and intent to drink in the future has been found in previous studies and experiments. When considering whether advertising has an impact upon young peoples alcohol intake, it is important to recognize that drinking alcohol can be influenced by a range of psychological, social and environmental factors. Parents, siblings, and groups of friends can have a significant influence. They can provide behavioral role models and establish a positive attitude towards drinking. Although this research survey is concerned with the effects of advertising of alcoholic beverages on adolescents alcohol consumption, it is beneficial to understand the other factors associated with the onset of alcohol related behavior. Surveys of teenagers and young adults have determined that alcohol consumption is often significantly related to peer-group influences. A particularly powerful predictor of their drinking behavior is whether their friends drink alcohol. Research has indicated that adolescents may be especially inclined to consume alcohol if their best friend also does. It was also found that if a teenagers best friend drank they were more likely to label themselves as a drinker (Wilks, Callan Austin, 1989). In a televised commercial for 1800 tequila an actor posed the question, What ever happened to best buddies? He goes on to demean people who have hundreds of virtual friends online then finished the commercial with the statement, A buddy is somebody who you share your 1800 tequila with. Parental influences can have important effects on teenager alcohol consumption as well. Most of the time parental rules about drinking come into conflict with peer-group norms. These rules may exert a powerful influence over teenagers expressed intentions to drink alcohol in the future, possibly weakening those intentions. However, such effects may be limited to young people who have so far not felt any social pressures to drink from their peer group. Teenagers with friends who drink may be more likely to reject family restrictions on alcohol consumption especially if they had their own involvements that lead to positive experiences about alcohol. An important note to keep in mind is further evidence has indicated that drinking onset is not a simple matter of copycat behavior. Dissimilar young people make different assessments of relevant group activities and beliefs linked to drinking (Thomsen Rekve, 2006). According to the World Health Organization, alcohol advertising can produce positive perceptions of drinking in all people and as an outcome young people may be more susceptible to possessing pro-drinking attitudes. The World Health Organization has two reasons to believe why advertising can cause this. The first of these is that exposure to alcohol advertising over time can lead young people to perceive drinking as a normal behavior and, as a result, an activity in which they wish to participate. The second reason is that alcohol advertising may reach children and encourage alcohol consumption well before they are legally old enough to purchase the product. In a survey with children, the majority answered that they believed alcohol advertising can cause alcohol consumption. This discovery along with evidence that mere awareness of alcohol advertisements could be linked to positive beliefs about alcohol, which is in turn related with future intent to drink. In this context, there is no surprise that liking of alcohol advertisements has also emerged as a significant factor in understanding potential effects (Babor, 2003). In 1984 an experiment was led by Kohn and Smart who showed a recording of Super Bowl 1982 to 125 male college students. Three versions of the program were produced that included zero, four or nine beer advertisements. Refreshments were available and among the drinks, participants could choose from soft drinks or beer. One half of the students were given immediate access to beer while the second half had to wait 30 minutes before given beverages. When beer was available it was consumed and the delay in beer resulted in compensatory behavior in the second group who had the largest amount of consumption. This experiment found that when alcohol advertising occurred there was a temporary upward in beer consumption. Even in conditions where consumption was decreasing, a first time appearance of beer advertisement could temporarily boost consumption again (Kohn Smart, 1984). Kohn and Smart conducted a similar experiment with college women except the independent variable was switched with w ine. This experiment proved women consumed more wine when they saw four or more wine advertisements compared to none. These results indicate that television alcohol advertising is capable of triggering a short term effect on alcohol consumption. Such studies may demonstrate the ability of advertisements to shape a preference for one type of drink over another, but they do not indicate anything about the role advertising might play in the genesis of alcohol consumption in individuals (Kohn Smart, 1984). Alcohol advertising is often associated with sports and athletic activities. For example Coors beer had a campaign that honored multiple athletes including the Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback John Elway. Advertisements that feature athlete images tend to perpetuate both the brands and consumers denial of potential consequences of drinking. Along with athletic imagery, critics view other lifestyle imagery as inappropriate. Some alcohol advertisements give the consumer an unrealistic view of what the products do, how they make the consumer feel, and how they fit in with an individuals lifestyle. For instance alcohol may be portrayed in a commercial as a reward at the end of a work day. In advertisements drinking is often viewed as a complement to a celebration of life. Certain television advertisements present alcohol as having the ability to make an individual attractive to the opposite sex or a romance booster. For example, Bud Lite Lime had a commercial on Ultimate Flight Club 132 featuring a young attractive women lying across hundreds of limes. She was not dressed and the limes were used to censor her private parts. She also had a tattoo on her rear end of a Bud Lite Lime logo. Even though she was not holding a beer, this television commercial led the viewers to associate sex and attractive women with Bud Lite Lime. Some critics agree alcohol commercials are associated with sexual imagery more than any other products (Fox, Krugman, Fletcher, Fisher 1998). I conducted an original research survey involving students, ages 18 through 20, from Temple University located in Philadelphia. The questions pertained to the students memory of alcohol advertisements they were exposed to while watching their normal television shows. The goal was to determine how many underage students were exposed to alcohol advertising through the television medium. The survey also sought to determine what kind of advertising appeal techniques they noticed and how they felt about the advertisements. These seven multiple choice questions were asked to 40 college students: How many hours a day, on average, do you watch TV? a. Never; b. less than one hour; c. 1-2 hours; d. 2-3 hours; e. More than 3 hours What are your favorite types of television programs? (Circle all that apply) a. Reality TV; b. Music related/music video; c. Game shows; d. Talk shows; e. Sitcoms/comedies; g. Drama; h. Nature; i. Sports; j. News. Do you ever see alcohol advertisements while watching TV? a. Yes; b. No. What do you remember about any of these TV ads you saw? (Circle all that apply) a. An animal or cartoon like character; b. The people drinking look attractive or sexy; c. A great party was happening; d. The actors who were drinking were physically attracted to each other; e. The people drinking looked like they had strength and athletic ability; f. The people in the advertisements looked popular or part of the in-crowd; g. The ads were funny or amusing; h. The ads portrayed drinking as a great way to meet people; i. the ads discussed contests and prizes; j. I remember the alcohol brand. Did anyone in any of the TV ads look like they could be under 21 years old? a. Yes; b. No. As a whole, did the TV ads you see make you think any of the following? (Circle all that apply) a. Drinking was a boring thing to do; b. Drinking was a good way to get guys or girls; c. Drinking was important for a real good party; d. Drinking will make you popular; e. drinking was fun or funny; f. drinking could be harmful to your health; g. It is better for people to drink responsibly; h. It is better for people to wait until they are 21 to drink; i. The advertisements had no effect at all on what I thought or felt. The role of alcohol advertising appeal was investigated in further longitudinal research that followed though 18-year olds until the age of 21 years old. The study had 630 participants and examined the effect of televised alcohol advertising and allegiance to specific brands of beer. The results found that earlier liking of televised alcohol advertisements and accompanying brand allegiance were associated with greater volume of beer consumption later on. Many self-reports of aggressive behavior from the participants were associated with drinking. Almost all of these individuals expressing aggressive behavior were documented with liking alcohol advertisements when the experiment began (Casswell Zhang, 1998). Although many critics recognize that college students decisions to drink often come from peer pressure, the images presented in advertising positively reinforce such decisions. Alcohol is the most popular recreational drug in America, so beer and liquor companies advertise on various television channels. Recent research has discovered cable television shows with a significant proportion of teenage viewers are also those that have the most commercials for alcohol. These advertisers are reaching the wrong demographic and are certainly affecting the younger audiences. (The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth) Should alcohol advertising be modified to limit exposure to underage viewers? There are many explanations why adolescents are influenced in to drink alcohol and there is reason to believe television advertisements have a large role. As alcohol advertisers turn towards cable television the exposure to younger viewers will escalate. The amount of money spent on alcohol advertising on cable television increased by 137% from 2001 to 2006. The extra money spent attributed to an increase of the number of alcohol commercials by 176%. (Schuster) With over double the amount of new advertisements many alcohol companies started to compete against each other for the best commercials. For instance, Miller lite aired a commercial about a group of friends at a bar who all agree their one friend is unmanly for ordering a Bud lite. Competitive advertising of alcohol has resulted in new branding techniques that are effective across all audiences including the adolescent audience. (Jones) The use of iconic characters, humor, and sexual innuendo are some methods used in alcoholic commercials that evidently attract younger viewers. For example, Keith Stone is portrayed as an influential character who acts smooth because he always has a 30 pack of Keystone. The Most Interesting Man in the World is another iconic character that many underage viewers can relate to the product Dos Equis. Young people can also be drawn to the music used in these commercials and associate the songs with the alcoholic product. It is true that no matter what anybody does, teenagers will never stop viewing TV. It is also true that alcohol companies have to support their business somehow. Just like any other company, advertisements are important to get a product out there and known. However, it is possible to do it in a way where they do not have to make drinking look so appealing to younger kids. Companies could easily not use sex appeal or partying in their ads and still get their product out and known to everyone.